Palabras clave: productos farmacéuticos, aguas de riego, metales pesados, reúso agrícola RESUMEN En México, el 54 % de las aguas residuales no reciben tratamiento y son desalojadas hacia los cuerpos de agua, suelos y canales de riego lo que genera un fuerte problema de contaminación y un alto riesgo para la salud humana y la biota acuática. En las úl-timas décadas se han detectado los denominados contaminantes emergentes en aguas superficiales con presencia de aguas residuales crudas y tratadas. Estos compuestos y sus metabolitos reactivos causan severos efectos toxicológicos en los organismos acuáticos o microorganismos del suelo aún en bajas concentraciones. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar las propiedades físicas y químicas: pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), sólidos disueltos totales (SDT), Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , boro (B), fósforo total (P), metales traza (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) e identificar y cuantificar los contaminantes emergentes (farmacéuticos y drogas de abuso) en los influentes y efluentes de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTAR) de Morelia, utilizando metodologías estandarizadas, espectrofotometría de infrarrojo (FT-IR) y espectrometría de masas (ESI-MS-TOF). Los valores de pH, CE, SDT, relación de adsorción de sodio (RAS), B, P y metales traza se encontraron dentro de los límites marcados por la norma mexicana NOM-001-ECOL-1996 y directrices internacionales para reúso de aguas residuales en agricultura. Los contaminantes emergentes identificados por ESI-MS-TOF fueron tetraciclina, cefaclor, cefadroxilo, ampicilina, clonazepam, lormetazepam, secobarbital, maprotilina, levotiroxina, cis-androsterona, paracetamol, lidocaína, bromfeniramina, fexofenadina, amfetamina, morfina, benzoilecgonina, 11-nor-Δ9-THC-9-COOH, dimetilamfetamina, fenciclidina, metadona y polietilenglicol. La eficiencia de remoción de estos contaminantes en los efluentes fue de 25.8 %, con extremos de 0 y 74.5 % para el polietilenglicol y metadona, respectivamente.
Pyrolysis treatment of sewage sludge to generate biochar is one of the current alternatives for environmental management of this waste. The treatment transforms sewage sludge into biochar, conserves some of the characteristics that give it an important agronomic value and reduces its pathogen content. The objective of this study was to analyze the potential use of the sewage sludge biochar obtained from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Morelia, Michoacán, México, as an agricultural soil improver considering the physical-chemical properties of the material and its content of nutrients and heavy metals as indicators. The sewage sludge was subjected to pyrolysis (SSB) in an experimental scale reactor that uses solar energy, with six residence times and temperature of 280 to 355 oC. The parameters analyzed were: pH EC, OM, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe available (DTPA and EDTA), elemental composition (C, N, O, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, S, Cl, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb). The EC of the SSB obtained was from 592 to 5240 μS cm‑1, pH = 6.33 to 7.02, OM = 3.8 to 5.6%, high contents of C, N, P (31 to 38%, 6.5 to 7.7% and 37.7 to 48.8 g kg‑1, respectively), low Na/Ca ratio and a low content of total and available heavy metals. The properties of the SSB obtained indicate that it can be used as an agricultural soil improver since it is a material with high nutrient content and low environmental risk in terms of its low heavy metal content. These results should be complemented with studies on the response of plants to BLR, monitoring of physical-chemical conditions and analysis of organic contaminants in soil and water where this material is applied.
The conditions for producing high fructose syrup from the fructans contained in the head of the Agave tequilana Weber var. blue were determined and their physicochemical properties were compared with those of commercial corn syrup (Frudex-55 ®). Both syrups behave as Newtonian fluids and showed no significant differences (p < 0.05) in density, moisture, water activity, total solids, total reducing sugars and direct reducing sugars. It takes 4.4 kg of fresh agave head to obtain 1 kg of syrup with 70°Brix and 87.92 ± 1.28% fructose. As a result of its highest fructose-glucose ratio, agave syrup has lower viscosity and surface tension than the corn syrup. Due to its high content of fructans, the head of the A. tequilana Weber var. blue is a promising raw material for the industrial production of high fructose syrups.
La fresa es una fruta no climatérica, con una vida postcosecha muy corta. La pérdida de calidad del fruto puede deberse, entre otros factores a daños ocasionados por fitopatógenos. Entre los más comunes se encuentran los hongos causantes del moho gris (Botrytis cinerea), y podredumbre blanca (Rhizopus stolonifer) dos fitopatógenos de gran impacto por su velocidad de crecimiento la cual les permite colonizar la superficie de los mismos ocasionado importantes pérdidas económicas. Una alternativa para el control de los daños por patógenos en frutos postcosecha es el uso de antagonistas microbianos que pueden estar presentes en la planta o el fruto pero en densidades bajas. En este estudio se aislaron bacterias de tejido foliar y frutos de fresa silvestre (Duchesnea indica Andr. Fock) y comercial. Se seleccionaron aquellos aislados que presentaron los mayores porcentajes de inhibición del crecimiento micelial de ambos fitopatógenos in vitro. Se aislaron un total de 32 cepas de las cuales 15 provinieron de fresa silvestre y 24 de fresa comercial. Se obtuvieron solo nueve cepas con potencial biocontrolador para uno o ambos patógenos. Los mayores porcentajes de inhibición del crecimiento micelial oscilaron entre 67.1% y 81.7% para Botrytis cinerea y 45.5% a 73.2% para Rhizopus stolonifer. Estos fueron obtenidos por cuatro aislados dos obtenidos de fresa silvestre y dos de comercial, todos ellos con capacidad para controlar a ambos fitopatógenos
The removal of boron from drinking water is a concern in various parts of the world due to the toxic effects of this metalloid in high concentrations. In this paper, zeolites LTL and FAU X were synthesized and modified with salts of nickel (NiCl2), iron (FeCl3), and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) in order to promote their affinity for boron species present in aqueous systems. The adsorption capacity of modified zeolites for boron was evaluated in a synthetic boron solution and with groundwater samples for human use. The effect of the pH and zeolite dose was studied in adsorption tests using groundwater. The modified zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen physisorption, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results indicated that the modification of zeolites favors affinity for boron species. The highest adsorption capacity of boron on zeolites was achieved in the synthetic solution. The adsorption capacity of the modified zeolites depended on the pH, the electrical conductivity, the modifying agent, the zeolitic structure, and the dose of adsorbent. The zeolitic structure-modifying agent interaction was decisive for boron adsorption capacity, with LTL-Ni zeolite being the best-performing adsorbent, thanks to its textural properties and nickel’s ability to form complexes with boron species.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.