Fruit flies are phytophagous insects that are important because of the damages caused to fruits, mainly by larvae that feed on the pulp. Surveys of the diversity of these tefritids are still scarce in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region, the objective of this study was to establish the tritrophic relationship existing between species of Anastrepha, their parasitoids, and the fruits acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), and guava (Psidium guajava L.) in the municipality of Brasil Novo, Pará. Freshly fallen fruits were collected weekly from January to December 2018, in three farms. Throughout the survey, 4,324 puparium were collected in guavas, 2,682 in mangoes, and 644 in acerolas. The species Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) were identified in mango (90.3%), acerola (7.7%) and guava (2.1%), and Anastrepha striata Schiner, 1868 were identified in guava (98.8%) and acerola (1.2%). Five species of parasitoids were identified in association with A. obliqua and six species of parasitoids were identified in association with A. striata. The specie Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) was the most frequent among the species of parasitoids recorded.
Background The necessity of a competent vector for transmission is a primary ecological factor driving the host range expansion of plant arthropod-borne viruses, with vectors playing an essential role in disease emergence. Cassava begomoviruses severely constrain cassava production in Africa. Curiously, begomoviruses have never been reported in cassava in South America, the center of origin for this crop. It has been hypothesized that the absence of a competent vector in cassava is the reason why begomoviruses have not emerged in South America. Methods We performed a country-wide whitefly diversity study in cassava in Brazil. Adults and/or nymphs of whiteflies were collected from sixty-six cassava fields in the main agroecological zones of the country. A total of 1,385 individuals were genotyped based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences. Results A high species richness was observed, with five previously described species and two putative new ones. The prevalent species were Tetraleurodes acaciae and Bemisia tuberculata, representing over 75% of the analyzed individuals. Although we detected, for the first time, the presence of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (BtMEAM1) colonizing cassava in Brazil, it was not prevalent. The species composition varied across regions, with fields in the Northeast region showing a higher diversity. These results expand our knowledge of whitefly diversity in cassava and support the hypothesis that begomovirus epidemics have not occurred in cassava in Brazil due to the absence of competent vector populations. However, they indicate an ongoing adaptation process of BtMEAM1 to cassava, increasing the likelihood of begomovirus emergence in this crop.
Apesar dos sistemas agroflorestais (SAF) representarem alternativas de uso sustentável dos recursos naturais e recuperação de áreas degradadas, juntamente com o aproveitamento constante da mão de obra familiar na região amazônica, ainda assim, encontram-se preteridas em relação à agricultura tradicional, visto que grande parte dos produtores não possui informações consistentes acerca das vantagens econômicas oferecidas por esses sistemas. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho econômico de dois modelos agroflorestais, estabelecidos no Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (PDS) - Virola Jatobá, município de Anapu, Pará. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de questionário semiestruturado, acompanhada de inventário censo nas propriedades analisadas. A viabilidade econômica foi mensurada a partir dos indicadores: relação benefício-custo (RBC); valor presente líquido (VPL); taxa interna de retorno (TIR). Foram estimados com base nos valores dos fluxos de caixa, produzidos ao longo do horizonte de tempo de 20 anos, atualizados à taxa de 6,75% ao ano. Em ambos os casos, os valores dos indicadores de rentabilidade transcenderam aos limites mínimos definidos pela literatura. Mesmo apresentando composição florística e intensidades semelhantes, o segundo estande (SAF-B) proporcionou maior rentabilidade em relação ao primeiro (SAF-A), à medida que suas receitas líquidas foram elevadas com a agregação de valor da produção e comercialização das sementes de mogno brasileiro, provenientes das árvores da bordadura do plantio. Assim, os resultados gerados por este estudo podem corroborar à expansão das práticas de SAF na Amazônia, preenchendo parte das lacunas e a carência de informações de ordem econômica que subsistem sobre agroflorestas.
Emilene, Ana Frida, Heloisa Antunes e Luzimario pela convivência harmônica e solidária nos momentos necessários; Aos amigos de turma de doutorado Aurea, Ana Paula, Cristiane Nardi, Daiane Nunes, Newton Noronha, Priscila Fortes, Rosylaine, pelo convivio sempre harmônico; Aos amigos ruralinos na ESALQ Adenilson, Antonio Clarette, Gean Carlos, Juliano Quarterolli, Salim Jacaúna, Simão Lindoso, Sula, Mateus e Wyratan...."Viemos e mostramos o que queriamos", ...... Aos professores do Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia (ESALQ/USP), pelos ensinamentos e oportunidades, fundamentais à minha formação profissional. Aos colegas de curso, pelo companherismo e incentivo;
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