A wide variety of underused effective HIV prevention programs exist. This article describes sources for obtaining such effective programs and issues to consider in selecting an existing effective program for use with one's priority population. It also discusses seven steps involved in adapting an effective program to meet the needs of a new context while preserving core components (what made, or is believed to have made, the intervention effective in the first place) and best practices (characteristics common to effective programs). Although the examples presented are from the HIV prevention field, the seven-step framework is applicable to the adaptation of effective programs in other health promotion and disease prevention arenas.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Guttmacher Institute is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Family Planning Perspectives. SummaryYoung people who become parents while in their teens are much more likely than their classmates who postpone childbearing to have their education truncated. Teenage childbearing results in greater educational deficits for the young mothers than for the young fathers, who do not have to go through the experience of pregnancy and are generally less responsible for the early care of the child. Nevertheless, both the adolescent mothers and fathers have substantially less education than their classmates. The younger the parent at birth, the greater the educational setback. What is more, the negative impact of early childbearing on education remains when the teenage parents are matched with classmates who were not parents in their teen years for academic aptitude and achievement, socioeconomic status, race and educational expectations at age 15, before any of the young people have had a child. Thus, early childbearing appears to be a direct cause of truncated schooling, independent of other influences.Apparently because of their relatively low educational attainment, adolescent parents are much more likely than their classmates to hold low-prestige jobs. For the teenage mothers, at least, reduced occupational attainment also means lower income and greater job dissatisfaction Josefina J.

This study translated SiHLE (Sisters Informing, Healing, Living, and Empowering), a 12-hour Centers for Disease Control and Prevention evidence-based group-level intervention for African American females 14-18 years of age, into a 2-hour computer-delivered individual-level intervention. A randomized controlled trial (n = 178) was conducted to examine the efficacy of the new Multimedia SiHLE intervention. Average condom-protected sex acts (proportion of vaginal sex acts with condoms, last 90 days) for sexually active participants receiving Multimedia SiHLE rose from M = 51% at baseline to M = 71% at 3-month follow-up (t = 2.06, p = .05); no statistically significant difference was found in the control group. Non-sexually active intervention group participants reported a significant increase in condom self-efficacy (t = 2.36, p = .02); no statistically significant difference was found in the control group. The study provides preliminary support for the efficacy of a computer-delivered adaptation of a proven HIV prevention program for African American teenage women. This is consistent with meta-analyses that have shown that computer-delivered interventions, which can often be disseminated at lower per-capita cost than human-delivered interventions, can influence HIV risk behaviors in positive fashion.

At age 36, Vietnam veterans in the high school class of 1963 reported significantly more problems related to nightmares, loss of control over behavior, emotional numbing, withdrawal from the external environment, hyperalertness, anxiety, and depression than did their classmates matched with them on 5 1 high school characteristics. These problems correspond closely to the disorder labeled post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by the American Psychiatric Association. PTSD was associated with other family, mental health, and social interaction problems. Some environmental variables -e.g., the presence of a spouse or being a churchgoerwere associated with reduced levels of PTSD or with reductions in the degree of association between combat and PTSD. The direction of cause and effect in these associations cannot be ascertained from our data, but it seems plausible to postulate that support factors can and do help some Vietnam veterans with PTSD.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has infected approximately 1.5 million people in the United States. Type 1 translation research (basic research, methods development, and efficacy trials) has yielded multiple efficacious behavioral HIV prevention programs. Type 2 translation research (dissemination and effectiveness studies) has been less prevalent or successful. Adaptation of efficacious interventions for culturally diverse populations has received increasing researcher attention, and empirical validation of adaptation procedures promises to help bridge the gap between Type 1 and Type 2 studies. In this article, the authors briefly discuss the development, testing, and dissemination of efficacious HIV prevention programs and then focus on research-based principles and processes that can guide researchers'adaptation efforts and steps that researchers can take to help empower practitioners to conduct science-based adaptation. Greater collaboration between researchers and service providers to test adaptation frameworks promises to benefit both research and practice.