The cultural and spiritual significance of nature has been defined as the spiritual, cultural, inspirational, aesthetic, historic and social meanings, values, feelings, ideas and associations that natural features and nature in general have for past, present and future generations of people – both individuals and groups. These guidelines respond to a growing need to make conservation more inclusive, effective and socially just by accommodating multiple worldviews; by treating natural and cultural heritage as interlinked; and by suggesting ways for engaging and empowering all relevant groups and stakeholders in protected area design, governance and management. The guidelines also assist with creating common ground, resolving conflicts and implementing rights-based approaches that recognise human rights and legal pluralism.

Using a literature review, diverse types of research and empirical evidence, this paper explores whether the essential features of the Indigenous peoples' and community conserved territories and areas (ICCAs) and the criteria of the Protected Landscape Approach are met in Christian monastic territories. Inspired by spiritual principles and applying traditional ecological knowledge, monastic communities developed distinctive natural resource management models, resulting in beautiful, harmonious and diverse landscapes for many centuries. In many countries, modern protected areas have been established on the sites of existing or former monastic lands, thereby creating positive synergies but also new challenges both for conservation and for the monastic communities. This paper shows that monastic communities are one of the oldest self-organized communities with a continuous written record in conservation management. Most Christian monastic conserved lands should be considered community conserved areas usually Category V-Protected Landscapes. The paper also argues that monastic communities' experiences in adapting to and overcoming environmental and economic crises is relevant to both managers and policy-makers involved in protected and high biodiversity areas, especially in regions where the protected landscape approach may be more effective.

En el presente trabajo se pone de manifiesto la importancia del volcanismo explosivo en el marco del volcanismo cuaternario de Girona, especialmente en la zona de Olot donde se concentran los episodios más recientes. Se han reconocido catorce edificios volcánicos que presentan alguna fase explosiva freatomagmática o freática durante su evolución. La actividad hidromagmática da lugar a una amplia diversidad de depósitos piroclásticos, cuyo estudio ha permitido distinguir varias secuencias eruptivas entre estos volcanes. Las diferencias en el comportamiento explosivo de unos volcanes a otros son debidas fundamentalmente a las distintas formas de interacción agua/magma en cada volcán, las cuales están determinadas por la estructura geológica de los últimos centenares de metros de la corteza y, especialmente, por las características hidrogeológicos del terreno.

No abstract

No abstract