COVID-19 remains a serious disruption to human health, social, and economic existence. Reinfection with the virus intensifies fears and raises more questions among countries, with few documented reports. This study investigated cases of COVID-19 reinfection using patients’ laboratory test results between March 2020 and July 2021 in Liberia. Data obtained from Liberia’s Ministry of Health COVID-19 surveillance was analyzed in Excel 365 and ArcGIS Pro 2.8.2. Results showed that with a median interval of 200 days (Range: 99–415), 13 out of 5,459 cases were identified and characterized as reinfection in three counties during the country’s third wave of the outbreak. Eighty-six percent of the COVID-19 reinfection cases occurred in Montserrado County within high clusters, which accounted for over 80% of the randomly distributed cases in Liberia. More cases of reinfection occurred among international travelers within populations with high community transmissions. This study suggests the need for continued public education and surveillance to encourage longer-term COVID-19 preventive practices even after recovery.

The products of refractory materials are used for lining furnace, incinerators and kilns among other uses and they have the potential of withstanding high temperature without deformation. The objective of the research was to characterize the clay soil sample collected from Tshwane University of Technology in Pretoria. The sample, collected from a location Latitude 25.0969˚S and Longitude 28.1624˚E, was oven-dried, pulverized and sieved in the laboratory. Mineralogical and elemental compositions of the sample were determined by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analytical methods. The XRF analysis revealed Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 as the major constituents, while the other elements occur in minor quantities. Mineralogically, the three samples contain Montmorillonite, Kaolinite and Bentonite, while Samples A contained Quartz in addition to earlier mentioned minerals, samples B and C contained Albite.

Current research has shown varied results when comparing the effects of energy drink on anaerobic exercise measures. Athletes in Ghana have been using energy drink but hardly has any research been conducted on the effect this pre-exercise consumption has on their physical performance. The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of short-term consumption of energy drink on some blood pressure, heart rate, agility, lower body strength and upper body strength of athletes of the University of Cape Coast. To ascertain this, participants were taken through performance tests in a pre-test and a post-test. The intervention in this study was the consumption of 250ml of energy drink. Forty-four athletes (Age:22.32 ± 2.81 years, height: 167.2 ± 9.83 cm, weight: 61.12± 8.01 kg). Paired sample t test results showed no significant effect of energy drink consumption on systolic blood pressure (t = -0.78, p= 0.437), diastolic blood pressure (t = -0.91, p = 0.366), heart. rate (t = -030, p = 0.759) and lower body strength (t = 0.11, p =0.916). However, there were significant changes in agility (t =5.42, p = 0.001) and upper body strength (t = -2.79, p = 0.008). In view of this, athletes, trainers, and coaches could consider recommending the use of energy drink as a pre-exercise supplement, especially in events involving agility and upper body strength.

Physical activities among young people provide an opportunity to develop the values, and skills for an active lifestyle and high self-esteem. Physical Education as one of the subjects in schools covers this essential role, although its’ provision mostly in the developing world has declined in many countries. This study assessed the physical activities, resources, and challenges in the implementation of Physical Education program among public primary schools in Kampala, Uganda. It was a descriptive survey design employing a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data among teachers and headteachers. Data were analyzed using frequencies, and Pearson product-moment correlation was determined at 0.05 level of significance. Findings reveal availability of facilities (r=0.374), trained personnel (r=0.654), equipment (r=0.529) and school enrolment (r=0.622) having a significant relationship with implementation of PE program. Traditional games, athletics, and ball games were the main activities. Insufficient resources and less value attached to these activities remain the major challenges. Resource allocation and sensitization on the value of physical education could enhance the implementation of the physical education program in public schools.

Background and objective: Studies on gender differences in cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise have been numerous and conflicting. The objective of this study was to determine if the cardiovascular responses to upper extremities isometric exercises differ between apparently healthy male end female subjects. Methods: One hundred and sixty apparently healthy adults with the mean age of 39.0 ± 11.04 years were consecutively recruited into the study. This consisted of 80 males (39.0 ± 10.82 years) and 80 females (38.96 ± 11.25). Data were obtained on participants' age, height, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, and Rate Pressure Product. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation. Independent t-test was used to compare physical characteristics between genders while repeated measure of ANOVA was used to compare the pre and post isometric exercises cardiovascular parameters between genders. Level of significance for all tests was set at p< 0.05. Results: The baseline cardiovascular parameters were not significantly different (p> 0.05) between the male and the female participants. The post exercise cardiovascular parameters were significantly greater (p< 0.05) than the baseline values without gender bias. However, the post exercise SBP and RPP were significantly different (p< 0.05) between the male and the female participants respectively. Conclusion: Isometric exercises of the upper limbs can lead to a significant increase in cardiovascular parameters among apparently healthy male and female subjects. Higher ventricular contraction is evoked among males leading increased SBP while the myocardial oxygen uptake and the measure of the oxygen consumption of the heart muscles of the female participants in response to upper extremities isometric exercises is higher than that of the males as demonstrated by the RPP. Key words: Isometric exercises, cardiovascular response, upper extremities exercises.