Background In the general population, the majority of cardiovascular events occur in people at the low to moderate end of population risk distribution. The 2013 American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol recommends consideration of statin therapy for adults with an estimated 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk ≥7.5% based on traditional risk factors. Whether use of non-traditional risk markers can improve risk assessment in those below this threshold for statin therapy is unclear. Methods and Results Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a population sample free of clinical CVD at baseline, we calibrated the Pooled Cohort Equations (cPCE). ASCVD was defined as myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, fatal or non-fatal stroke. Adults with initial cPCE <7.5% and elevated levels of additional risk markers (abnormal test) whose new calculated risk ≥ 7.5% were considered statin eligible: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) ≥160 mg/dL, family history of ASCVD (FH), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein≥2 mg/dL, coronary artery calcium (CAC) score ≥300 Agatston units or ≥75th percentile for age, sex, and ethnicity, and ankle-brachial index<0.9. We compared the absolute (AR) and relative (RR) ASCVD risks among those with vs without elevated post-test estimated risk. We calculated the number needed to screen to identify one person with abnormal test (NNSI) for each risk marker, defined as the number of participants with baseline cPCE risk <7.5% ÷ number with abnormal test reclassified as statin eligible. Of 5,185 participants not taking statins with complete data (age 45-84), 4185 had a cPCE risk <7.5%. During 10 years of follow up, 57% of the ASCVD events occurred among adults with a cPCE risk <7.5% (183/320). Excluding people with diabetes, the CAC criterion reclassified 6.8% upward, with an event rate of 13.3%, AR of 10%, RR (95%CI) of 4.0(2.8-5.7) and NNSI of 14.7. The corresponding numbers for FH were 4.6%, 15.1%, 12%, 4.3(3.0-6.4) and 21.8 respectively; hs-CRP criterion were 2.6%, 10%, 6%, 2.6(1.4-4.8) and 39.2 respectively; ABI criterion were 0.6%, 9%, 5%, 2.3(0.6-8.6) and 176.5 respectively and LDLc criterion were 0.5%, 5%, 1%, 1.2(0.2-8.4) and 193.3 respectively. 431/3882(11.1%) of those with < 7.5% cPCE were reclassified to ≥ 7.5 %( statin eligible) by at least one of the additional risk marker criterion. Conclusions In this generally low-risk population sample, a large proportion of ASCVD events occurred among adults with a 10-yr. cPCE risk <7.5%. We found that the CAC, hsCRP, FH and ABI recommendations by the ACC/AHA cholesterol guidelines (Class IIB) identify small subgroups of asymptomatic population with <7.5% 10 yr. cPCE but with observed ASCVD event rates higher than 7.5% who may warrant statin therapy considerations.

Objective To determine whether method of maxillary advancement in adolescents with cleft palate with or without cleft lip (CP ± L) influences post-operative velopharyngeal function. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Pediatric Tertiary Care Hospital. Participants One hundred and ninety-nine patients with CP ± L after LeFort I osteotomy for maxillary advancement at our institution between January 2007 and June 2019. Interventions LeFort I osteotomy via distraction osteogenesis (DO) or conventional osteotomy (CO). Main Outcome Measures Patients who underwent DO or CO were compared for the presence of new velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), as measured by perceptual rating by a craniofacial speech-language pathologist. Of the 199 patients who underwent maxillary advancement, 126 were available for analysis. The DO group was younger, male, and had more severe maxillary hypoplasia. Following surgery, 17/41 (41.5%) of the DO group had new VPI, compared to just 23/85 (27.1%) of the CO group. After adjusting for cleft type and predicted maxillary advancement, however, there was not sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis of no difference in risk of post-operative VPI between the two surgical groups (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.40, 95% CI 0.68-2.90). Increased prevalence of VPI after DO versus CO was primarily observed among patients with a pre-operative velopharyngeal need ratio < 0.8 (PR = 2.01, 95% CI 0.79-5.10) and patients with normal velopharyngeal function pre-operatively (PR = 2.86, 95% CI 0.96-8.50). Our results suggest an increased rather than decreased risk of VPI following DO relative to CO. This association is primarily seen among those with a smaller velopharyngeal ratio or perceptually normal velopharyngeal function pre-operatively.

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