High affinity capture agents against protein targets are essential components for immunoassays, regardless of specific analysis format. Here we describe the use of DNA-encoded antibodies for rapidly screening the kinetic and equilibrium binding properties of twelve commercial antibodies in a parallel analysis format using a multiplexed array of microring optical resonators. We show that DNA-encoding offers advantages in terms of antigen binding capacity, compared to covalently tethered antibodies; we also demonstrate that this linkage modality facilitates the rapid self-assembly of multiplexed arrays on account of complementarily between the DNA sequences on the antibodies and sensor array, respectively. Furthermore, DNA-encoded antibodies also allow for sensor array regeneration and reprogramming, as chaotropic agents can be used to disrupt the DNA-DNA duplexes that link the capture agents to the sensor without harming the underlying DNA on the surface, which can subsequently be reloaded with antibodies either targeting the same or different antigens.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among 6- to 18-year-old Kuwaiti children. Subjects and Methods: Children with type 2 diabetes were identified at 182 schools (50 primary, 63 intermediate, and 69 secondary) randomly selected using the 2000/2001 educational districts’ registers as a sampling frame. Prevalence rates were adjusted to the 2002 Kuwaiti population. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was based on the World Health Organization and the American Diabetes Association criteria. Results: Type 2 diabetes was identified in 45 of the 128,918 children surveyed, thereby giving an overall prevalence of 34.9 per 100,000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 24.7–45.1]. There was a significant difference in prevalence between males (47.3, 95% CI 28.7–65.8) and females (26.3, 95% CI 14.8–37.8) at p = 0.05 and a significant trend for an increase in prevalence of type 2 diabetes with age (p = 0.026). The overall age-adjusted prevalence rate in the 2002 Kuwaiti population was 33.2 (95% CI 26.6–39.9), 41.6 (95% CI 31.2–52.0) in male and 24.6 (95% CI 16.4–32.7) in female children; the difference was significant at p = 0.013. There was no significant difference in prevalence between regions. Children with type 2 diabetes had a significantly higher frequency (51.1%) of a positive family history of diabetes than children of a similar age without type 2 diabetes (22.2%) (p = 0.004). Conclusion: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adult Kuwaitis is spreading to children and adolescents, making it an emergency public health problem. Efforts need to be initiated to address prevention strategies of type 2 diabetes in youth.

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Further, as shown in Table I, not all of the hydrogen peroxide in the steady-state system is utilized to oxidize ferrocyanide at pH 7.8. In addition it has been observed that a large excess of hydrogen peroxide added to cytochrome c peroxidase at pH 8 causes rapid destruction of the heme group.The above results suggest that at high pH, ferrocyanide is such a poor substrate for I and I1 that hydrogen peroxide can effectively compete with ferrocyanide in reactions with these enzyme intermediates, producing a number of side reactions including oxidation of the heme and amino acid residues of the protein. During the side reactions, an intermediate is most likely produced which is a better oxidant of ferrocyanide than 11. This could account for the faster oxidation of ferrocyanide in the steady state compared to the single turnover transient state studies where only I and I1 are produced. p H Dependence. The pH dependence of the steady-state parameters is difficult to interpret due to the specific ion effects, the abnormal ionic strength dependence of VmaPP/e at pH 6, and the side reactions between enzyme and hydrogen peroxide at high pH. Certainly the pH dependence of VmaPP/eKmaPP, after correction for the side reactions, is consistent with the interpretation of and k3aPP in the transient state (Jordi and Erman, 1974). The pH dependence is due primarily to the variation in electrostatic interaction between ferrocyanide and the enzyme intermediates as the net charge on the enzyme changes with pH.Vmapp/e, essentially a unimolecular rate constant, should be relatively insensitive to electrostatic effects although the ionic strength dependence of Vmapp/e at pH 6 casts some doubt on this expectation. Nevertheless, if V,app/e is insensitive to the charge on the enzyme, then the strong pH dependence of VmaPP/e suggests that a proton or a protonated form of the complex may be involved in the intramolecular electron transfer reaction. This is an interesting area for further investigation.Kmapp is relatively independent of pH, varying by only a factor of 10 over the pH range 4-8. This is due to the cancellation of the pH variation of the intramolecular electron-transfer rate constants in the numerator and the pH dependence of the bimolecular association rate constants in the denominator of the expression for KmaPP, eq 7.ABSTRACT: The lanthanide ions are shown to be effective calcium ion substitutes in accelerating the conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin. The rate of activation of the zymogen in the presence of lanthanides is much greater than that of the calcium ion. In addition this increased activation takes place at nearly 100-fold lower concentrations of the lanthanide ions than with calcium ion. The effect of the lanthanide ions in accelerating the activation of the zymogen, like the calcium efw t h i n the last I O years there has been substantial attention focused on specific interactions of proteins with metal ions. It has become apparent that the functions of metal ion-protein complexes are biologically important not...

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of type 1 diabetes among 6- to 18-year-old Kuwaiti children according to gender, age, and region. Subjects and Methods: Children with type 1 diabetes aged 6–18 years were identified at 182 schools (50 primary, 63 intermediate, and 69 secondary) in Kuwait during the study period October 2000 to September 2002. Schools were randomly selected using the 2000/01 educational districts’ registers as sampling frame proportional to the number of schools in each district. Prevalence rates were adjusted to the 2002 Kuwaiti population. Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes was based on the World Health Organization, and the American Diabetes Association criteria. Results: Prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 269.9 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval, CI 241.6–298.3). There was no significant difference in prevalence between male (247.6, 95% CI 205.2–290.0) and female (285.5, 95% CI 247.5–323.5). Type 1 diabetes was more prevalent in the age group 10–13 years (347.3), and lowest in the age group 6–9 years (182.6) per 100,000; the difference was significant at p < 0.001. The overall age-adjusted prevalence rate was 252.9 (95% CI 234.6–271.2), 229.1 (95% CI 204.6–253.6) in male and 277.4 (95% CI 250.0–304.7) in female children in the 2002 Kuwaiti population. The mean age at onset was 9.2, and 8.1 years in male and female children, respectively (p = 0.018). There was no significant difference in prevalence between regions. Conclusion: Type 1 diabetes is a common chronic disease in Kuwaiti children.