Cerebrovascular diseases are a leading cause of death and neurologic disability. Further understanding of disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies requires a deeper knowledge of cerebrovascular cells in humans. We profiled transcriptomes of 181,388 cells to define a cell atlas of the adult human cerebrovasculature, including endothelial cell molecular signatures with arteriovenous segmentation and expanded perivascular cell diversity. By leveraging this reference, we investigated cellular and molecular perturbations in brain arteriovenous malformations, a leading cause of stroke in young people, and identified pathologic endothelial transformations with abnormal vascular patterning and the ontology of vascularly derived inflammation. Here, we illustrate the interplay between vascular and immune cells that contributes to brain hemorrhage and catalog opportunities for targeting angiogenic and inflammatory programs in vascular malformations.

Recent studies show that the effects of some oncogenes, integrins, growth factors and neuropeptides are mediated by tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytosolic kinase p125 focal adhesion kinase (p125 FAK ) and the cytoskeletal protein paxillin. Recently we demonstrated that cholecystokinin (CCK) C-terminal octapeptide (CCK-8) causes tyrosine phosphorylation of p125 FAK and paxillin in rat pancreatic acini. The present study was aimed at examining whether protein kinase C (PKC) activation, calcium mobilization, cytoskeletal organization and small G-protein p21 rho activation play a role in mediating the stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by CCK-8 in acini. CCK-8-stimulated phosphorylation of p125 FAK and paxillin reached a maximum within 2.5 min. The CCK-8 dose response for causing changes in the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca# + ] i ) was similar to that for p125 FAK and paxillin phosphorylation, and both were to the left of that for receptor occupation and inositol phosphate production. PMA increased tyrosine phosphorylation of both proteins. The calcium ionophore A23187 caused only 25 % of the