No abstract

Space penetrators are a potential method of inserting instrumentation onto ice-covered bodies in the solar system. Part of a study to see whether this is feasible involves numerically simulating impact of the penetrator into ice at impact velocities of a few 100 m/s. In order to do this accurately, it is necessary to have a constitutive model for water ice that is valid at the strain rates and temperatures relevant to impact in the Outer Solar System. This paper reports certain issues and difficulties that arose during a study to obtain this data.

No abstract

Nonaqueous oleaginous gel systems were little affected by radiation, whereas aqueous gels were completely destroyed. In contrast, sterilization by heat had a profound effect on the nonaqueous gels and little effect on the aqueous gels.