Researchers have suggested that transformational leadership is an important aspect of effective schools; however, whether the effects vary across related studies and the robustness of the overall effect size remain unclear. A meta-analysis technique was used to synthesize the results of 28 independent studies and to investigate the overall relationship between transformational school leadership and three measures of school outcomes. The study found that, in terms of the mean effect sizes, transformational school leadership does have positive effects on teacher job satisfaction, school effectiveness perceived by teachers, and student achievement.

The advent of globalization has ushered in an era of internationalization. Whether in the west or in the east, much debate on such processes has been stirring up the academe. Likewise in Taiwan, in order keep up with the pace of the world, measures and changes in both structure and policy are being implemented in all levels. This article is an attempt to discuss the factors behind the internationalization of Taiwan's higher education. Discussions on global views on local contextual perspectives, concepts on internationalization, and strategies, and rationales behind Taiwan's internationalization were done. Interviews were conducted with local internationalization officers, internationalization scholars and experts, and international students in Taiwan. Results were then analyzed together with the changing trends and issues on the importance of internationalization, which led to the quest for a set of performance indicators. Finally, an analysis of previous assessment practices and mechanism from both foreign and local sources was done, which culminated in the proposal of a set of performance indicators to measure the internationalization in Taiwan's higher education institutions. Further studies and test measurement on HEIs' internationalization using the proposed indicators are urged, in order to gain more insights on the internationalization of Taiwan's higher education institutions.

Due to COVID-19, remote or distance education has become the norm in the Philippines. Yet even in its second year, remote teaching and learning still face ongoing challenges, as does the need for teachers’ professional development. This paper describes a study that examined teachers’ perspectives on barriers and needs in professional development. The study involved 174 teachers who were teaching online courses in the National Capital Region. The participants completed a survey detailing their professional development frequency, perspectives, barriers, and needs, while eight teachers agreed to participate in a follow-up interview. Results from hierarchical multiple regression analysis have shown that teachers’ pedagogical and information technology skills requirements are influenced primarily by their prior professional development experiences and their need to apply active learning and innovative teaching ideas. Qualitative analyses indicate that teachers’ professional development needs are mostly focused on skills related to online teaching, information technology literacy, and conducting research. In addition, data indicated that barriers to professional development were primarily caused by financial and time constraints and a lack of teacher motivation and logistical support. In summary, for remote education to be sustainable, teachers need ongoing professional development as well as adequate logistical support.

This study compared children of Southeast Asian immigrant mothers with those of nativeborn Taiwanese in terms of their school adjustment. A sample comprising 258 adolescents of Southeast Asian immigrant mothers (including mothers from Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines) and 769 children of native-born Taiwanese mothers was examined. This study used the item response theory (IRT) approach to develop a school adjustment inventory (SAI). Results showed that adolescents of Southeast Asian immigrant mothers had poorer school adjustment than did adolescents of native Taiwanese mothers. The adolescents of Southeast Asian immigrant mothers gained significantly lower scores for "academic performance" and "teacher-student relationship" than did the adolescents of native Taiwanese mothers. However, the 2 groups did not differ in terms of "learning motivation" and "peer relationship".

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