Increased BMPs (particularly BMP4) coupled with decreased noggin may promote high shear stress-mediated graft neointimal atrophy by inhibiting SMC proliferation and increasing SMC death.

Research in arterial restenosis has focused on the biologic mechanisms and pharmacologic approaches to the prevention of intimal hyperplasia. An alternative therapeutic approach might be to induce atrophy of established intimal hyperplasia. We have previously reported that high blood flow induces neointimal regression in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in baboons. Here we provide another model of vascular atrophy induced by external wrapping. The similarity between baboons and humans in their vascular systems and individual genetic heterogeneity makes these experiments of great relevance. Up- or down-regulated genes common to both models might be key regulators of vascular atrophy and therefore suitable therapeutic targets for pharmacologic treatment of established lesions.

Canine surgery can be safely performed in an FST. Based on the number of MWDs deployed throughout the theater, FSTs may be called upon to care for them in the absence of available veterinary care.

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