Opioid dependence (OD), often characterized as a chronic relapsing disorder, affects millions of people worldwide. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of compliance with buprenorphine on reducing relapse among a sample of patients in treatment for OD. Patients new to buprenorphine (N = 703) completed the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) at baseline, and at 1, 2, and 3 months postbaseline. The ASI is a semistructured interview designed to measure problem severity in seven functional areas known to be affected by alcohol and drug dependence. Compliance was defined as taking buprenorphine medication on at least 22 of the past 28 days (80%), while relapse classification was based on resumed use of opioids during the follow-up period (months 2 and 3). Relapse was regressed onto demographic indicators, baseline ASI composite scores, and compliance with buprenorphine. Noncompliant patients were over 10 times more likely to relapse than those who were compliant (exp β= 10.55; p < .001). Neither demographics nor baseline ASI composite scores were predictive of relapse (p's > .05). Compliance with medication-assisted treatment supports abstinence, essential for patient recovery. Understanding the factors that drive treatment compliance and noncompliance may assist providers in supporting patient compliance and recovery.

This study shows dose-response benefits of exercise on depressive symptoms and self-worth in children. However, Blacks did not show increased GSW in response to the intervention. Results provide some support for mediation of the effect of exercise on depressive symptoms via self-worth.

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DAVIS, CATHERINE L., JOSEPH TKACZ, MATHEW GREGOSKI, COLLEEN A. BOYLE, AND GORDANA LOVREKOVIC. Aerobic exercise and snoring in overweight children: a randomized controlled trial. Obesity. 2006;14:1985-1991. Objective: To determine whether regular aerobic exercise improves symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in overweight children, as has been shown in adults. Research Methods and Procedures: Healthy but overweight (BMI Ն85th percentile) 7-to 11-year-old children were recruited from public schools for a randomized controlled trial of exercise effects on diabetes risk. One hundred children (53% black, 41% male) were randomly assigned to a control group (n ϭ 27), a low-dose exercise group (n ϭ 36), or a high-dose exercise group (n ϭ 37). Exercise groups underwent a 13 Ϯ 1.5 week after-school program that provided 20 or 40 minutes per day of aerobic exercise (average heart rate ϭ 164 beats per minute). Group changes were compared on BMI z-score and four Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire scales: Snoring, Sleepiness, Behavior, and a summary scale, Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders. Analyses were adjusted for age. Results: Both the high-dose and low-dose exercise groups improved more than the control group on the Snoring scale. The high-dose exercise group improved more than the lowdose exercise and control groups on the summary scale. No group differences were found for changes on Sleepiness, Behavior, or BMI z-score. At baseline, 25% screened positive for sleep-disordered breathing; half improved to a negative screen after intervention. Discussion: Regular vigorous exercise can improve snoring, a symptom of sleep-disordered breathing, in overweight children. Aerobic exercise programs may be valuable for prevention and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in overweight children.

The short-term aftereffects of a bout of moderate aerobic exercise were hypothesized to facilitate children's executive functioning as measured by a visual task-switching test. Sixty-nine children (mean age = 9.2 years) who were overweight and inactive performed a category-decision task before and immediately following a 23-min bout of treadmill walking and, on another session, before and following a nonexercise period. The acute bout of physical activity did not influence the children's global switch cost scores or error rates. Age-related differences in global switch cost scores, but not error scores, were obtained. These results, in concert with several studies conducted with adults, fail to confirm that single bouts of moderately intense physical activity influence mental processes involved in task switching.Keywords exercise psychology; pediatrics; cognition; information processing Exercise-induced physical arousal has been shown to facilitate specific types of mental functioning in adults (see reviews by Brisswalter, Collardeau, & Arcelin, 2002;McMorris & Graydon, 2000;Tomporowski, 2003b); however, very few studies have assessed the shortterm aftereffects of acute bouts of physical activity on children's cognitive function, and most of these studies have focused on children with developmental disabilities (Tomporowski, 2003a). Research conducted with children without development disorders has been designed, for the most part, to determine whether bouts of physical activity performed as part of school curricula would have a detrimental impact on children's classroom behavior and academic performance. The results of three field-based studies indicated that bouts of physical activity improved, rather than debilitated, children's cognitive performance (Caterino & Polak, 1999;Gabbard & Barton, 1979;McNaughten & Gabbard, 1993), and another study (Raviv & Low, 1990) found no evidence to support anecdotal observations that recess and physical education activities overly excite children. Only one laboratory-based experiment has evaluated normal children's cognitive function immediately following a bout of steady-state exercise. Zervas, Apostolos, and Klissouras (1991) recruited 9 pairs of monozygotic twin boys (age range = 11-14 years) and assigned one twin to a 25-week structured aerobic physical fitness training program and the other twin to a traditional physical education class. Following training, the children performed a design-matching task before and 15 min following a strenuous 20-min treadmill run (speed range = 12-14 kph). The pre-and postexercise cognitive performance of trained and untrained twins was compared with the performance of eight age-matched children who did not complete the treadmill run. The acute bout of exercise resulted in improved design-NIH Public Access