The paper contributes to the ongoing discourse in Tanzania about constraints in the agricultural sector performance by using the concept of "institutions as rules of the game" from the New Institutional Economics paradigm. Focusing on coffee, the paper analyses the surrounding regulatory framework (laws, rules, regulations, norms, practices, procedures) and their impact on coffee production and marketing as perceived by key stakeholders. Lessons from two villages where the study was conducted suggest a number of institutional constraints in production and marketing of coffee. These are traditional norms and customs on land rights, regulatory voucher system, quality culture, registration of coffee companies, tax structure and the structure of the apex union. The paper concludes that institutional framework is a major setback in realising the fruits of agricultural sector liberalisation.

Traditional cash crop production in Tanzania has been declining with time. While some natural, infrastructure and marketing factors have been known to contribute to low agricultural productivity, reasons related to accountability on the part of officials managing different organs have been little known. This paper discusses emerging accountability issues on the part of government and other service providing institutions as far as cotton production in Kilosa District and more specifically in Malui Village is concerned. A cross-sectional research design that allows collection of information at one point in time was adopted covering several cases. Data for the study were collected through interviews of key informants and farmers, physical observations, documentation and meeting with village government. The emerging findings show that limited access of smallholders to sufficient and fertile land, appropriate farm inputs and reliable markets due to lack of effective accountability on the part of local government, cotton board, cooperatives and private traders has been among the responsible factors for the declining production of cotton. Establishing the right structures and enforcement mechanisms for accountability can disentangle smallholder agriculture from persistent, chronic dissatisfactions of farmers.

Academics have long debated the link between academic entry requirements for specific educational levels and academic accomplishment in the classroom. The arguments have been more critical in vocational education where students' prior learning influences their ability to master and apply specific hands-on skills provided in colleges. Based on this academic stance, this study investigates the relationship between academic entry requirements, the learning process, and academic achievement of students enrolled in civil engineering courses (masonry and carpentry CBET level 2) at Vocational Education Training Institutions (VETs) in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. The study applied a qualitative exploratory approach to collect data from 20 trainers. Data were gathered by conducting semi-structured interviews with trainers and applying documentary reviews to determine the admission requirements and outcomes of 92 learners. The qualitative data that informed this study were analyzed through content analysis using the MAXQDA2020 program, and the findings were presented in the form of quotations, summaries, and figures. The results suggest that students' entry qualification during college enrollment, their capacity for learning and ultimate academic accomplishment is likely to be directly related. However, learners' prior admission requirements for accessing vocational education have a favorable impact not only on academic accomplishment at VET but also on the decision to continue learning at further education levels. To moderate continuous academic credit, the admission requirements for the selection of students to enroll in vocationally based courses should also take into account their unique cognitive abilities.

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Since 1990s, local government reforms in Tanzania have emphasized empowerment at all levels as part of decentralisation by devolution. The major objective was to give more power where it should belong. One of the areas was human resource empowerment to take proactive roles in decision-making and day-to-day management of local authorities. The chapter draws data from a cross-sectional case study covering a sample of 103 out of 206 employees working in Mvomero district council to determine employees’ perceptions on the existence of structural aspects of empowerment in the organisation. By using frequencies and Chi square tests, the chapter concludes that the general perception is weak, and indeed, there is significant difference between theory and practice.