Background: The current performance of UK research can be presented as highly successful, but evidence has emerged about issues with working culture in research and the impact this may have on people and their work. Wellcome commissioned market research agency Shift Learning to investigate current perceptions and experiences of research culture among the research community. Methods: This article presents key findings from two phases of this project: 94 qualitative interviews and a quantitative e-survey with 4267 usable responses. Interview invitations were sent out to UK-based research staff at various career stages. The survey was open to international respondents, but the majority of responses came from the UK. Respondents came predominantly from academia and the sample was intentionally skewed towards biological and biomedical sciences. Results: While participants considered the quality of research outputs to have generally remained high, many felt that issues impacting research culture were becoming more apparent and there was real concern about the future of research professions and the high personal cost for individuals. Factors identified as disruptive to research culture included chasing impact, increased competition, proliferation of metrics, job insecurity and rigid career pathways. Poor research culture manifested in workplace behaviours and practices, including problems with management and leadership and unhealthy power dynamics, such as patronage, bullying and harassment, discrimination and exploitation. These conditions were linked to a range of negative impacts on the researchers and the research outputs. Conclusions: The research ecosystem is characterised by increased levels of competition, lack of job security and insufficient career flexibility. A key takeaway is that the conditions in which research takes place are not inclusive and lack sufficient support mechanisms, which is negatively affecting researchers’ wellbeing, and work-life balance. Such research culture was perceived as unsustainable.

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A method for depositing large grained polycrystalline GaAs on lattice mismatched substrates through controlled nucleation and selective growth is presented. The process was developed on Si wafers. Nucleation site formation began with nanolithography to create submicron holes in photoresist on Si. Ga metal was electrochemically deposited into the holes. Subsequent arsine anneals converted the gallium deposits into GaAs. Photoluminescence and electron diffraction verified conversion to GaAs. Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) enlarged the seed crystals to coalescence without creating additional nucleation sites within the patterned field. Having successfully demonstrated the approach, subsequent work has been directed at lower cost, alternative ways to define initial nucleation sites, such as, microcontact lithography and direct decomposition of triethyl gallium to Ga metal in the MOCVD chamber.