The 6-tiered MSSS grading system is a powerful tool for comparing rate of disease progression in subpopulations of interest. MSSS-based analysis demonstrates that African ancestry is a risk factor for a more rapidly disabling disease course.

The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess relative frequency of migraine in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using the validated self-administered diagnostic questionnaire, and to compare the migraine rates in MS outpatients to age- and gender-matched historical population controls; (2) to compare clinical and radiographic characteristics in MS patients with migraine and headache-free MS patients. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the demographic profiles, headache features and clinical characteristics of MS patients attending a MS clinic using a questionnaire based on the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. We compared the relative frequency of migraine in MS clinic patients and AMPP cohort. We also compared clinical and radiographic features in MS patients with migraine to an MS control group without headache. Among 204 MS patients, the relative frequency of migraine was threefold higher than in population controls both for women [55.7 vs. 17.1%; prevalence ratio (PR) = 3.26, p < 0.001] and men (18.4 vs. 5.6%; PR = 3.29, p < 0.001). In a series of logistic regression models that controlled for age, gender, disease duration, β-interferon use, and depression, migraine in MS patients was significantly associated (p < 0.01) with trigeminal and occipital neuralgia, facial pain, Lhermitte’s sign, temporomandibular joint pain, non-headache pain and a past history of depression. Migraine status was not significantly associated with disability on patient-derived disability steps scale or T2 lesion burden on brain MRI. Migraine is three-times more common in MS clinic patients than in general population. MS–migraine group was more symptomatic than the MS–no headache group.

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Using a pointing test, perceived location of a target seen in induced motion was evaluated under two display conditions. In one, a fixated, horizontally stationary spot was surrounded by a frame moving back and forth. As the frame moved to each side, its center shifted correspondingly with respect to the subject's objective median plane. In the second display, the surround was constructed so that as it moved back and forth, its center remained in virtual alignment with the objective median plane. Although both conditions produced a substantial induced-motion effect, only the former produced significant shifts in the target's perceived location. Furthermore, similar shifts were also obtained with a stationary, offcenter frame (Experiment 2). This suggests that the changes in perceived location obtained with the first induced-motion display were not derived from the induced motion per se, but, rather, from a frame effect produced when the surround moved to an off-eenter position. Implications for the relationship between perceived motion and position, as well as for two theories of induced motion, are discussed.

ABSTrACT. Aerial surveys for bowhead whales were conducted in conjunction with oceanographic sampling near Barrow, Alaska, in late summer of and 2006 whales were seen, mostly in two distinct aggregations: one (ca. 40 whales) in deep water in Barrow Canyon and the other (ca. 70 whales) in very shallow (< 10 m) water just seaward of the barrier islands. Feeding behaviours observed in the latter group included whales lying on their sides with mouths agape and groups of 5 -10 whales swimming synchronously in turbid water. In 2006, 78 bowheads were seen, with ca. 40 whales feeding in dispersed groups of 3 -11 whales. Feeding behaviours observed included surface skimming, echelon swimming, and synchronous diving and surfacing. Surfacing behaviour included head lunges by single animals and groups of 2 -4 whales. of 29 whales harvested at Barrow, 24 had been feeding. euphausiids were the dominant prey in 2006 (10 of 13 stomachs), but not in 2005 (4 of 11 stomachs). Copepods were the dominant prey in the stomachs of three whales harvested near Barrow Canyon in 2005. Mysiids were the dominant prey in four stomachs, isopods in two, and amphipods in one although these taxa were not routinely captured during plankton sampling conducted in the weeks prior to the autumn harvest.Key words: bowhead whale, feeding, functional anatomy, zooplankton, western Arctic, Beaufort Sea, aerial surveys rÉSuMÉ. Des levés aériens visant les baleines boréales ont été réalisés conjointement avec de l'échantillonnage océano-graphique près de Barrow, en Alaska, vers la fin des étés 2005 et 2006. En 2005, 145 baleines ont été aperçues et celles-ci relevaient principalement de deux groupes distincts : un groupement (d'une quarantaine de baleines) se trouvait dans les eaux profondes du canyon de Barrow et l'autre groupement (d'environ 70 baleines) dans des eaux très peu profondes (< 10 m) du côté de la mer des îles-barrières. Le comportement alimentaire observé au sein de ce dernier groupe était tel que certaines baleines s'étendaient sur le côté la gueule grande ouverte pendant que des groupes de 5 à 10 baleines nageaient de manière synchronisée dans l'eau trouble. En 2006, 78 baleines boréales ont été aperçues, dont une quarantaine de baleines s'alimentaient dans des groupes dispersés de 3 à 11 baleines. Parmi les comportements alimentaires observés, notons l'écrémage, la natation en échelons de même que la plongée et le surfaçage synchronisés. Quant au comportement de surfaçage, il prenait la forme de longes de tête par des baleines individuelles et des groupes de 2 à 4 baleines. Parmi les 29 baleines récoltées à Barrow, 24 avaient mangé. en 2006, la proie dominante était l'euphausia (dans 10 des 13 estomacs), ce qui n'était pas le cas en 2005 (dans 4 des 11 estomacs). en 2005, les copépodes constituaient la proie dominante des estomacs de trois baleines récoltées près du canyon de Barrow. Les mysis représentaient la proie dominante de quatre estomacs, tandis que les isopodes dominaient dans deux estomacs et les amphipodes dans un estomac, bien q...