In spatial statistical analysis, hotspot or cluster detection can find statistically significant concentrations of an event or phenomenon, such as incidences of cancer, locations of similar tree species, or clusters of restaurants across a city. Traditional point pattern analysis methods, such as Getis-Ord GI and Gi* statistics or Ripley's Kfunction, are often used to find these clusters. For example, given the locations of individuals who belong to a

There is an urgent need to improve the painting of windows, in order to achieve longer service life. This cannot be achieved simply by refinement or improvement of paint materials. Better performance will result from a complete design optimisation, beginning with selection of the timber, high quality machining, attention to details of design of the window itself, correct choice of preservative and, finally, the correct choice and application of finishing materials. The application of these materials is best carried out in the window factory. The window is then delivered to site fully finished.