Background Bariatric surgery reverses obesity-related comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several studies have already described differences in anthropometrics and body composition between Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding patients, but the role of adipokines in the outcomes after the different types of surgery is not known. Hypothesis Differences in weight loss and reversal of insulin resistance exist between the two groups and correlate with changes in adipokines. Methods Fifteen severely obese women (mean BMI: 46.7 kg/m2) underwent two types of laparoscopic weight loss surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass = 10, adjustable gastric banding = 5). Weight, waist and hip circumference, body composition, plasma metabolic markers, and lipids were measured at set intervals during a 24-month period after surgery. Results At 24 months, Roux-en-Y patients were overweight (BMI 29.7 kg/m2) while gastric banding patients remained obese (BMI 36.3 kg/m2). Roux-en-Y patients lost significantly more fat mass than gastric banding patients (mean difference 16.8 kg, p < 0.05). Likewise, leptin levels were lower in the Roux-en-Y patients (p = 0.003) and levels correlated with weight loss, loss of fat mass, insulin levels, and Homeostasis Model of Assessment 2 (HOMA-IR). Adiponectin correlated with insulin levels and HOMA-IR (r = −0.653, p = 0.04 and r = −0.674, p = 0.032, respectively) in the Roux-en-Y patients at 24 months. Conclusions After two years weight loss and normalization of metabolic parameters were less pronounced in patients who underwent gastric banding compared to patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Our findings require confirmation in a prospective randomized trial.

Objective-To define muscle metabolic and cardiovascular changes following surgical intervention in clinically severe obese patients.Background-Obesity is a state of metabolic dysregulation which may lead to maladaptive changes in heart and skeletal muscle, including insulin resistance and heart failure. In a prospective longitudinal study 43 consecutive patients were subjected to metabolic profiling, skeletal muscle biopsies and resting echocardiograms at baseline as well as three and nine months after bariatric surgery.

Background Obesity is a systemic disorder associated with an increase in left ventricular mass and premature death and disability from cardiovascular disease. Although bariatric surgery reverses many of the hormonal and hemodynamic derangements, the long-term collective effects on body composition and left ventricular mass have not been considered before. Hypothesis The decline in fat mass and lean mass after weight loss surgery is associated with a decline in left ventricular mass. Methods Fifteen severely obese women (mean body mass index or BMI: 46.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2) with medically controlled hypertension underwent bariatric surgery. Left ventricular mass and plasma markers of systemic metabolism, together with BMI, waist and hip circumferences, body composition (fat mass and lean mass), and resting energy expenditure (REE) were measured at 0, 3, 9, 12 and 24 months. Results Left ventricular mass continued to decline linearly over the entire period of observation, while rates of weight-loss, loss of lean mass, loss of fat mass, and REE all plateaued at 9 months (p<0.001 for all). Parameters of systemic metabolism normalized by 9 months, and showed no further change at 24 months after surgery. Conclusions Even though parameters of obesity, including BMI and body composition, plateau, the benefits of bariatric surgery on systemic metabolism and left ventricular mass are sustained. We propose that the progressive decline of left ventricular mass after weight loss surgery is regulated by neurohumoral factors, and may contribute to improved long-term survival.

Objectives-There are several lines of evidence suggesting a link between obesity and heart failure, including chronic inflammation, increased sympathetic tone, and insulin resistance. The goal of this study was to evaluate the changes in systemic metabolism, anthropometrics, and left ventricular contraction as well as geometry in clinically severe obese women after bariatric surgery.Methods-Enrollment was offered consecutively to 22 women with clinically severe obesity. Participants had abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography to measure left ventricular (LV) contractile function. Fasting blood chemistries were drawn to measure inflammatory markers and to calculate insulin sensitivity. All tests were performed before surgery and three months postoperatively.Results-Three months after surgery there was a significant increase in insulin sensitivity [mean change (+/− SEM): 34.0(10.4), p<0.0001]. VAT significantly decreased [−66.1 cm 2 (17.8), p=0.002] and was associated with decreases in BMI, serum glucose concentrations, and hsCRP levels (r=0. 61, p=0.005, r=0.48, p=0.033, and r=0.53, p=0.016, respectively). Left ventricular mass significantly decreased [−3.8 g/m 2.7 (1.7), p=0.037] and this decrease was associated with a decrease in glucose concentrations (r=0.46, p=0.041). Left ventricular systolic and diastolic contractile function were normal at baseline and there was no change following surgery.Conclusions-The early phase of weight loss after bariatric surgery produces favorable changes in left ventricular geometry, and these are associated with normalization in glucose metabolism.

Results:The median (25th and 75th percentile) age and BMI were 46 y (36, 53 y) and 51.5 (42.5, 56.5), respectively. The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and insulin resistance were 38%, 53%, and 90%, respectively. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were elevated in the cohort. No association was observed between insulin sensitivity or anthropometric measurements and left ventricular contractile function. However, FFA concentration was independently associated with diastolic function (r ҃ Ҁ0.33, P ҃ 0.01), and 40% of the cohort showed age-adjusted diastolic impairment as measured by tissue Doppler imaging. Conclusion: The negative association between FFA and diastolic function, in the setting of insulin resistance, suggests that excess FFA may exert a lipotoxic effect on the heart. 2006;84:336 -41. Am J Clin Nutr