Improved perception during high performance is a commonly reported phenomenon. However, it is difficult to determine whether these reported changes experienced during flow states reflect veridical changes in perceptual processing, or if instead are related to some form of memory or response bias. Flow is a state in which an individual experiences high focus and involvement in a specific task, and typically experiences a lack of distractibility, a disordered sense of time, great enjoyment, and increased levels of performance. The present pre-registered study investigated 27 athletes and musicians using a temporal order judgement (TOJ) task before and after a sports or music performance over three sessions. Participants' flow experiences were surveyed in order to measure how modulations of flow over successive performances potentially modulates spatiotemporal perception and processing. Hierarchical linear modeling showed a positive moderation of subjectively experienced flow and performance on post-measures of a TOJ task. Specifically, the higher the subjective flow experience of the sport or music performance was rated, the better the participant performed in the postperformance TOJ task compared to the pre-performance TOJ task. The findings of the present study provide a more comprehensive explanation of human perception during flow at high level performances and suggest important insights regarding the possibility of modulated temporal processing and spatial attention.

Objectives: To develop individual and effective treatment plans for patients with chronic pain, we aimed to replicate Grolimund and colleagues’ empirical categorization of chronic pain patients on a new and larger sample. Moreover, this work aimed to extend previous knowledge by considering various treatment outcomes and exploratorily analyzing which coping skills might be particularly relevant for treatment success in each subtype. Materials and Methods: Latent class analysis was used to identify homogenous subtypes with different pain processing patterns using the pain processing questionnaire (FESV). Results: By analyzing 602 inpatients with chronic primary pain, we identified 3 subtypes: (1) severely burdened individuals with low coping skills, (2) mildly burdened individuals with high coping skills, and (3) moderately burdened individuals with moderate coping skills. Pain interference, psychological distress, and cognitive and behavioral coping skills improved after treatment in all subtypes. Pain-related mental interference significantly improved only in subtypes (1) and (3). Only individuals of subtype (3) reported significant reductions in pain intensity after treatment. Exploratory regression analysis suggested that of subtype (1), the most promising targets in reducing pain interference and psychological distress posttreatment might be to foster relaxation techniques, counteractive activities, and cognitive restructuring. None of the FESV dimensions significantly predicted treatment outcomes among individuals of subtype (2). Individuals of subtype (3) might benefit the most from experiencing more competence during treatment. Discussion: Our findings highlight the importance of identifying and characterizing subtypes of chronic primary pain patients and that these subtypes should be considered for individualized and effective treatment.