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SUMMARYWe develop formulations for ÿnite element computation of exterior acoustics problems. A prominent feature of the formulations is the lack of integration over the unbounded domain, simplifying the task of discretization and potentially leading to numerous additional beneÿts. These formulations provide a suitable basis for hybrid asymptotic-numerical methods in scattering, non-re ecting boundary conditions and inÿnite elements. ? 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.