Orthosiphon aristatus has been known for its medicinal uses. One of the compounds responsible for the pharmacological activities of O. aristatus is a flavonoid called Eupatorin (EUP). EUP has been studied for its pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, vasodilating, antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, analgesic, and antidiabetic properties. Despite its importance and abundance, currently, there is no published paper that reviews the characteristics, pharmacological activities and isolation methods of EUP. This review summarizes the botanical origin, phytochemical characteristics, pharmacological activities, isolation, as well as identification and characterization methods of EUP from O. aristatus. This paper also compares different isolation methods based on the parameters and the resulting yields. Various isolation methods had been used to obtain EUP. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most commonly used method to isolate EUP, followed by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and crystallization for the purification. Various spectroscopic methods, including UV-Vis, FT-IR, Mass, and NMR spectroscopy have been commonly used to identify and characterize EUP. This paper provides a comprehensive insight into EUP from O. aristatus which might be beneficial for future research using this compound

Glebionis coronaria, formerly Chrysanthemum coronarium, is one of the medicinal herbs that belong to the Asteraceae family. This review paper aims to provide information regarding the botanical description, distribution, and phytochemical properties which contribute to the medicinal properties of Glebionis coronaria. Various studies have reported the presence of tannins, vitamins, macro- and microelements, beta-carotene, carbohydrates, protein, and other bioactive compounds in the plant’s essential oil, extract, or plant parts. Researchers have uncovered the potential pharmaceutical activities of the plant, including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, to the potential anticancer properties. Based on the scientific evidence collected, G. coronaria has the potential to be used in many clinical areas for medicinal purposes. However, appropriate clinical testing should be pursued to evaluate the medicinal effects of this plant.

Background: Blue light exposure has been shown to induce ROS generation and subsequent inflammatory pathways that lead to cell death, in which antioxidants could counteract this effect. Although regarded as waste, cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Pod Husk (CPH) possesses a high polyphenolic contents, which could serve as antioxidants. Objectives: To characterize CPH ethanolic extract based on its antioxidant capacity and observe the cytoprotective ability of CPH in vitro upon blue light exposure. Materials and Methods: CPH ethanolic extract was characterized through total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and three antioxidant assays, then treated on HaCaT cells, in which cell viability was measured through MTS assay. Results: CPH extract showed high phenolic and flavonoid contents and high antioxidant capacity through DPPH and FRAP assay. CPH extract started to exert cytotoxicity from concentrations of 400 µg/mL and above, while 100 µg/mL and above in AA. Furthermore, CPH extract showed significant cytoprotective effect at 50 µg/mL at 11.92 ± 0.83% cell viability increase, wherein AA failed to protect HaCaT cells at the same concentration at 15.79 ± 0.72% cell viability decrease. Conclusion: CPH could serve as an alternative as blue light protection agent as it was safe to be used at higher concentrations and was able to protect HaCaT cells from blue light irradiation better than AA.

To accomplish long-term goals, one of the strategic steps taken by the company is investing in innovation through Research and Development (R&D) spending. Numerous studies show that R&D activities can improve company performance. However, fewer studies discuss the factors involved in R&D investment, especially in Indonesia. In addition, the versatile results of previous studies make this research still relevant. This study aims to determine which factors are involved in R&D expense decisions from a company's resource and corporate governance perspective. This research uses multiple linear regression with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation method. Based on the stability test, the Covid-19 pandemic affects the relationship between several factors in R&D expense. In all samples, only the proportion of independent commissioners positively affects R&D expenses. There is shifting in the variables of company ownership, profitability, and tangible assets toward R&D expense. But, debt has no significant effect on R&D expenses before and during the pandemic. Thus, ownership concentration, independent commissioner, and company resources, such as tangible assets and other financing sources, have a role in the R&D investment decision. This research shows the crucial role of corporate governance in managing a company's resources to sustain a competitive advantage through R&D activities.