Health systems in Africa have been widely studied in the social sciences. Several aspects have been addressed in particular: the provision of and access to care, working conditions, the human resources crisis, and patient–provider relations, for example. In this respect, the idea of an “attitude problem,” with health-care providers offering different services for different patients, has been suggested. Recently, researchers have studied the impact of global health initiatives on local health systems, mainly in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Others have explored why some health issues have attracted more attention than others. Despite this wealth of studies, one point remains insufficiently addressed: the materiality of care and its impact on interactions (human and nonhuman) within hospital settings. In this article, I consider the heuristic value of the uses of a maternity ward in a resource-limited country (Cameroon) to understand health workers’ so-called attitude problem, specifically, the tension characteristic of patient–provider interactions. I suggest that this tension is related to a continuous process of translation and anticipation to adapt the maternity ward’s space to everyday activities. Drawing on Akrich’s description of technical objects, and Lussault’s pragmatics of space, I attempt to show that in this context, care is also an art of tinkering with unpredictable bodies in unstable hospitals’ spaces.
La trajectoire des patients au sein de l’hôpital est, dans de nombreux pays, documentée par différents types d’inscriptions, sur différents types de supports, qui s’apparentent à ce que Matthew Hull (2003) appelle des artefacts graphiques. Inhérents aux soins et à la pratique clinique, ces artefacts graphiques n’ont pas reçu beaucoup d’attention. Susan Reynolds Whyte (2011) le fit remarquer et invita les anthropologues à s’intéresser au support papier. Cet article porte précisément sur ces artefacts graphiques à l’hôpital. À partir de données ethnographiques collectées de 2005 à 2014 dans un hôpital public de l’extrême Nord du Cameroun principalement, je suggère que les artefacts graphiques ne sont pas seulement des instruments d’une organisation bureaucratique, faisant partie d’un processus d’archivage, de transmission de l’information ou medium d’interactions, ils sont partie prenante des interactions (Gupta, 2012), renvoient à des représentations de l’hôpital et de ses usagers (malades et soignants), à des manières spécifiques de « faire » (enact) la maladie (Mol, 2002) et de pratiquer la biomédecine.
Measurement instruments are increasingly important in the contemporary government of African. They are central to the rise of economic performance as a tool for reforming development aid and states. This has led to the emergence of new intervention methods (including experimentation and quantification) and generated political reconfigurations. These tools mobilise specific knowledge and experts, and put states in ambiguous positions. States must respect the technical infrastructure of international interventions, but they are also able to manœuvre into favourable positions, especially with respect to their populations. Instruments also make “infiltration” possible: international donors no longer impose conditions from the outside, but prefer to act from within African states through techniques, measurements, standards, evaluation tools and specific terminology.
Les instruments de mesure sont devenus des outils centraux dans le gouvernement de l’Afrique contemporaine. Suivant la focalisation sur la performance économique comme outil de réforme de l’aide au développement et des États, la mesure génère de nouvelles modalités d’intervention (expérimentation, quantification) et des reconfigurations politiques. Ces outils, instruments qui mobilisent des experts et savoirs spécifiques, mettent les États dans une position ambiguë, à la fois contraints par ces infrastructures techniques de l’action politique et disposant de marge de manœuvre pour s’affirmer sur leur population. Ils créent les conditions d’une infiltration, où les bailleurs internationaux, plutôt que d’imposer des conditions et mener des interventions externes, s’immiscent au sein des États africains au travers de techniques, mesures de standardisation, d’évaluation et une terminologie spécifique.
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