ARTÍCULO ORIGINALInsumos utilizados en la preparación de alimentos en producción porcina y su potencial de contaminación por dioxinas en la carneFeed materials used in the preparation of food in pork production and its potential for dioxin contamination in the meat SUMMARYThis study assessed the contribution of various feed ingredients used in swine feeding as a source of dioxins, furans and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) contamination in pork, considering the dietary changes during breeding, raising and fattening. Raw materials or feed ingredients were separated into different categories, developing a dataset with EROD/H4IIE bioassay results (determination of 7-Ethoxyresorufin O-Deethylase activity in H4IIE hepatoma cell line). Two types of diets were established that considered the varying percentages of ingredients necessary during the productive cycle of these animals. These two diets were based on those of common use in Chile. A descriptive analysis of the information contained in the dataset was performed, characterising the observations behaviour. A transfer model in which the body burden of dioxin increases proportionally to the consumption of contaminated food was proposed. The highest average contaminant concentration, expressed as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalent toxics derived from the EROD/H4IIE bioassay (TCDD-EQ/g) was found in ingredients of mineral origin (16.21 pg TCDD-EQ/g), followed by those of fatty acid mixtures (2.03 pg TCDD-EQ/g), while the lowest average concentrations were found in dietary premixes (0.29 pg TCDD-EQ/g) and vegetable oils (0.35 pg TCDD-EQ/g). With regard to the fransfer model, the evaluation of the contribution of the different feed ingredients to the total amount of diet contamination showed that the vegetable components had the highest value, due to the high proportion of them in feed. The second highest contributor was the raw material of mineral source.Palabras clave: compuestos orgánicos persistentes, contaminantes en carnes, químicos liposolubles, xenobióticos.

ARTÍCULO ORIGINALAplicación del bioensayo EROD-H4IIE para la determinación de dioxinas en carnes de pollos broiler: un estudio de equivalencia con la cromatografía de gases de alta resolución acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alta resolución # � Application of the EROD-H4IIE bioassay for the determination of dioxins in broiler chicken meat: an equivalence study with high resolution gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry SUMMARYThe EROD bioassay with H4IIE cell line was applied in this study to determine the equivalence of the results for chicken meat between the EROD H4IIE Bioassay in pg TCDD-EQ/g of tissue, and the results of the gas chromatography coupled to high resolution spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) in pg WHO-TEQ/g of fat of TEQs. 41 compound samples of chicken drumsticks were used. The samples were obtained in slaughtering plants of 4 different production facilities of Chile, during the sacrifice of animals (38 and 43 days old) between 2004 and 2007. Each sample was analysed with both analytical techniques. A regression model for the equivalence of both techniques was determined from the results. The model obtained was: HRGC/ HRMS = 0.481 + 0.051[EROD-H4IIE] 2 , R 2 = 0.885, therefore for a value in EROD-H4IIE of 2.2 pg TCDD-EQ/g of tissue it is estimated that it will correspond to 0.73 pg WHO-TEQ/g of fat in HRGC/HRMS. Also, for the same value of EROD-H4IIE with a 95% confidence, an estimate as an upper limit equal to 0.83 pg WHO-TEQ/g of fat in HRGC/HRMS will be obtained. An upper limit equal to 0.88 pg WHO-TEQ/g of fat in HRGC/HRMS is estimated by taking the same value of EROD-H4IIE with 99% confidence. It is concluded that de EROD-H4IIE bioassay can be applied as a screening method in animal production systems and specifically in broiler chicken production.Palabras clave: dioxina, bioensayo H4IIE, HRGC/HRMS, EROD.

RESUMENEl bioensayo EROD-H4IIE se utiliza en la detección de hidrocarburos halogenados planares, presentando ventajas sobre la química analítica, como velocidad, simplicidad, precisión, alta sensibilidad y bajo costo, siendo un valioso bioensayo para estudios de biomonitoreo. Se ha aplicado exitosamente como método de cribado para la detección de dioxinas y furanos (PCDD/Fs) en carne de pollos broiler. En el presente trabajo realizamos un estudio para detectar PCDD/Fs en carne de cerdo, aplicando el bioensayo y la cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HRGC/ HRMS). Se tomaron 59 muestras compuestas de lomo vetado de cerdo en la planta faenadora de 6 planteles de Chile, durante el beneficio de animales entre 2004 y 2007 y una muestra fue tomada en 2011. Los concentraciones promedio de PCDD/Fs obtenidas mediante HRGC/HRMS oscilaron entre 0,22 y 0,34 pg WHO-TEQ/g de grasa. El contenido máximo fue 0,71 pg/g de grasa. El mayor valor promedio de los congéneres fue 0,1 pg/g de grasa de 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (entre 0,03 y 0,28 pg/g de grasa). Por tanto, las muestras no excedieron los límites máximos permitidos por la legislación nacional e internacional. Comparando ambos métodos, de las 59 muestras el bioensayo sobrestimó 36 resultados, subestimó 19 y 4 fueron similares. 15 muestras excedieron 1 pg TCDD-EQ/g de tejido y 5 superaron los 2 pg TCDD-EQ/g de tejido. No se estableció una equivalencia entre EROD-H4IIE y HRGC/ HRMS para la detección de PCDD/Fs en carne de cerdo, no existiendo asociación significativa entre las variables (r = -0,142, P ≥ 0,2840).Palabras clave: dioxinas, EROD/H4IIE, HRGC/HRMS, carne de cerdo. SUMMARYThe EROD-H4IIE cell bioassay is a screening method for the detection of planar halogenated hydrocarbons (PHH), it has several advantages over analytical chemistry like speed, simplicity, accuracy, high sensitivity and low cost which makes it a valuable bioassay for biomonitoring studies. It has been successfully used as screening method for the detection of dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in meat from broiler chicken. The aim of this study was to detect PCDD/Fs in pork, by using both the bioassay and the high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/ HRMS). 59 composite samples of pork chuck loin were taken at a slaughtering plant of 6 Chilean production facilities between 2004 and 2007, with one sample being taken in 2011. Mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs obtained by HRGC/HRMS ranged between 0.22 and 0.34 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. The maximum was 0.71 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. The average value of the congeners was 0.1 pg WHO-TEQ fat-2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (between 0.03 and 0.28 pg/g fat). Therefore, the samples did not exceed the maximum allowed by national and international legislation. When comparing the results obtained with the two methods, 36 out of 59 sample results were overestimated by the bioassay, while 19 were underestimated and 4 were similar. 15 samples exceeded 1 pg/g TCDD-EQ tissue and only 5 exceeded 2 pg TCDD-EQ/g tissue. It was not possible to est...

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