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Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fertilization with the application of mixed organic matter after cultivating green manure crops on the growth and saponin content of Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv. Methods and Results: Five type of cultivation of green manure crops were done: hairy vetch as a single seedling crop (HV), hairy vetch and rye as a mixture of seedling (HV/R), additional fertilization with mixed organic matter after cultivation of a seedling mixture (HV/R/MO), chemical fertilizer (CF), and a non-treated control (NT). The total nitrogen content was the highest in the HV/R/ MO treatment, followed by the HV, CF, HV/R and NT treatments, respectively. Nitrogen fixation was higher in the single seedling treatment with hairy vetch (HV) than in the treatment with a mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedling (HV/R). Moreover, the growth of C. lanceolata was greatly increased by the application of additional fertilizer after treatment with the mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedlings. The HV/R/MO treatment produced the highest total lancemaside content among the treatments, followed by HV, HV/ R, CF, and NT, respectively. Conclusions: It was verified that C. lanceolata experienced superior growth with the application of mixed organic matter as additional fertilizer after the cultivation of green manure crops, and the content of its major saponins, lancemasides were also increased by this treatment.

This study developed an antimicrobial paper against major putrefactive pathogens in strawberry through integrating Rubus coreanus leaf extract and silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ). The R. coreanus extract and silver nitrate were synthesized and then assayed by spectrophotometry. A peak was found around 400 nm, the wavelength of silver particle absorption. Synthesis of R. coreanus extract-silver nitrate was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that R. coreanus extract was combined with round nanosilver particles 100 nm or smaller, along with some triangular, polygon, and stick forms. Nanosilver synthesis was developed using the R. coreanus extract as a reducing agent and then the developed antimicrobial paper was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nanosilver particles of nanometer level were also found in the antimicrobial paper. Ag was found to be evenly distributed through energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, and R. coreanus extract was also contained in the antimicrobial paper. The developed antimicrobial paper showed antimicrobial effects against all three putrefactive pathogens: Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria tenuissima, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Compared with general paper, the antimicrobial paper also minimally changed postharvest strawberry weight and hardness, helping to maintain fruit quality and lengthen the storage period.