Children are more likely to become addicted as they become accustomed to using smartphones, and as they observe and imitate their parents using smartphones. This study aims to confirm longitudinally the effect of mother’s smartphone addiction on children’s smartphone addiction. Latent growth modeling was used to analyze longitudinal relationships between 3615 pairs of children and their mothers from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) (2018–2020). As a result, both the mothers and children’s smartphone addiction significantly increased over time. The initial value of the mother’s smartphone addiction was found to have a significant effect on the child's initial value and the change rate. Moreover, children’s smartphone addiction change rate was significantly affected by the change rate of the mother’s smartphone addiction. To intervene in children’s smartphone addiction, a family-level approach, as well as parental addiction, must also be addressed, and a preventive approach should focus on those with a low risk of addiction.

Background: The world's population is aging faster than it did in the past and many under-represented issues in the lives of older adults have been neglected; pain is one of the issues. Older people may regard their pain as incurable and may lead to not seeking appropriate medical treatment. It is hard to manage pain efficiently when individuals or society recognize that increased pain is a typical symptom of getting older. Considering the fact that pain negatively affects older adults, an in-depth review should be undertaken by categorizing changes in pain. Hence, the purpose of this study is to identify the types of pain changes that affect older Koreans 65 years and over, as well as their effects on depression.Methods: We analyzed the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) data collected from 2010 (3rd) to 2018 (7th). Data from a total of 1,359 participants, aged 65 or older were used to estimate the change in pain. A latent growth model was performed to estimate the overall change in pain and Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) was performed to categorize the types of pain changes. Lastly, multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of pain change types on depression among older adults.Results: The pain changes of older adults were classified into two categories: 'low-stable' (87.9%, n=1,194), and 'high increasing' (12.1%, n=165). Depression showed a stronger relationship among the high-increasing type of pain than the low-stable type (B=.844, p<.001). Upon examining the differences in demographic characteristics by type, the high-increasing type had a higher percentage of women, lower-income, relatively low educational attainment, and a higher percentage of rural residents than the low-stable type.Conclusions: The significance of this study lies in the fact that it reiterated the importance of early pain diagnosis and intervention by identifying the types of pain changes in older adults and analyzing their effects on depression. Therefore, it is especially important to pay attention to interventions that are designed to help vulnerable groups with a high risk of pain obtain effective pain management.

The purpose of this study is to identify the types of pain changes that affect older Koreans, as well as their effects on depression. We analyzed the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) data collected from 2010 to 2018. A data of total of 1,359 participants, aged 65 or older were used to estimate the change in pain. A latent growth model and Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) was performed to estimate the overall change in pain and to categorize the types of pain changes. The pain changes of older adults were classified into two categories: 'low-stable', and 'high increasing'. The depression showed a stronger relationship among the high-increasing type of pain than the low-stable type. The high-increasing type had a higher percentage of women, lower-income, relatively low educational attainment, and a higher percentage of rural residents than the low-stable type. The significance of this study is that it reiterated the importance of early pain diagnosis and intervention by identifying the types of pain changes in older adults and analyzing their effects on depression. Therefore, it is especially important to pay attention to interventions that are designed to help vulnerable groups with a high risk of pain obtain effective pain management.

BACKGROUND Over the past few decades, the average human life expectancy has increased ever in the world. Many under-represented issues in the lives of older adults have been neglected due to the fact that they span multiple domains; pain is one of the issues. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to identify the types of pain changes that affect older Koreans 65 years and over, as well as their effects on depression. METHODS We analyzed the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) data collected from 2010 (3rd) to 2018 (7th). A data of total of 1,359 participants, aged 65 or older were used to estimate the change in pain. A latent growth model was performed to estimate the overall change in pain and Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) was performed to categorize the types of pain changes. Lastly, multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of pain change types on depression among older adults. RESULTS The pain changes of older adults were classified into two categories: 'low-stable' (87.9%, n=1,194), and 'high increasing' (12.1%, n=165). The depression showed a stronger relationship among the high-increasing type of pain than the low-stable type (B=.844, p<.001). Upon examining the differences in demographic characteristics by type, the high-increasing type had a higher percentage of women, lower-income, relatively low educational attainment, and a higher percentage of rural residents than the low-stable type. CONCLUSIONS The significance of this study lies in the fact that it reiterated the importance of early pain diagnosis and intervention by identifying the types of pain changes in older adults and analyzing their effects on depression. Therefore, it is especially important to pay attention to interventions that are designed to help vulnerable groups with a high risk of pain obtain effective pain management.