The "Manual for Actions at Scene" has been continually improved to enhance its usability at accident sites. However, the municipality is still perceived to lack an adequate disaster response guideline because of the large volume and complex structure of the manual. In this study, four improvements are suggested to enhance the manuals' usability. The first is improving the structure of the optimal Disaster and Safety Countermeasure Headquarters and the Consolidated Support Headquarters, while considering the necessary cooperative functions for each type of disaster. The second is including response procedures and major measures to facilitate a rapid disaster response. The third is strengthening the linkage of the disaster response action tips and the process and making the contents faithful by departments and disaster response steps. The fourth is a reconstruction of the appendix, while focusing on essential reference materials. After applying these improvement measures to 18 manuals in Buk-gu, Daegu Metropolitan City, the disaster responder using manuals perceived the readability to have become excellent and emergency organizations to have become more efficient. In particular, the staff believed that the disaster response procedures and major measures would enable a certain level of disaster response. Although the amount of manuals has increased as a result of the improvements to the SOP, it is expected that the manuals' applicability in education and training will also improve.

Urban sewer systems are designed to operate in open-channel flow regime and energy loss at circular manholes are usually not significant. However, the energy loss at manholes, often exceeding the friction loss of pipes under surcharge flow, is considered as one of the major causes of inundation in urban area. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the head loss associated with manholes, especially in surcharge flow. Hydraulic experimental apparatus which can be changed the invert type(CASE A, B, C) and step height(CASEⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ) was installed for this study. The range of the experimental discharges were from 1.0ℓ/sec to 5.6ℓ/sec. As the manhole diameter ratio(Dm/Din) increases, head loss coefficient increases due to strong horizontal swirl motion. Head loss coefficient was maximum because of strong oscillation of water surface when the range of manhole depth ratios(hm/Din) were from 1.0 to 1.5. The average head loss coefficients for CASE A, B, and C were 0.45, 0.37, and 0.30, respectively. Accordingly, U-invert is most effective for energy loss reduction at circular manhole.This head loss coefficients could be available to design the urban sewer system with surcharge flow.

Sediment load deposited in sewers and manholes reduces not only the capacity of pipes but also the efficiency of the whole sewer system. This causes the inundations of the low places and overflows at manholes, Moreover, sulfides and bad odor can occur due to deposited sediment with organic loads in manholes. Movements of sediment load in manholes are complicated depending on manhole size, location, inside structure, sediment load type, and time. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the movements of sediment load in manholes by experiments. In this study, experiments were implemented by a square manhole with straight path to measure deposited sedimentation quantity. The experimental apparatus was consisted of a high water tank, an upstream tank, test pipes, a sediment supplier, a manhole, and a downstream tank to measure the experimental discharge. The quantity of deposited sediment load was measured by different conditions, such as the inflow condition of sediment(continuous and certain period), the amount of inflow sediment, discharge, and the type of sediment. Jumoonjin sand(S=2.63, D50=0.55mm), general sand(GS, S=2.65, D50=1.83mm) and anthracite (S=1.45, D50= 0.80mm) were employed for the experiment. The velocities in inflow pipe were 0.45 m/s, 0.67 m/s, and 0.9 m/s. Sediment load movement and sedimentation quantity in manhole were influenced by many factors such as velocity, shear stress, viscosity, amount of sediment, sediment size, and specific gravity. Suggested regression equations can estimated the quantity of deposited sediment in the straight path square manholes. The connoted equations that were evaluated through the experimental study have velocity range from 0.45 to 0.9m/sec. The study results illustrates that appropriation of design velocity ragne between 1.0 and 2.0m/sec could implement to maintain and manage manholes.