We investigated the immune response mechanisms under systemic and local inflammation using mouse models whereby lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered intraperitoneally to induce systemic inflammation, and epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin was used to induce local inflammation. LPS increased the immune cell infiltration in the cardiac muscle near the aorta, alveoli, hepatic sinusoid, renal interstitium, and the submucosal layer of the duodenum. Similarly, ovalbumin increased the abundance of macrophages in the skin. Both LPS and ovalbumin induced NF-κB p65 and IκBα phosphorylation, as well as the expression of NF-κB target genes (TLR4, IL6, and TNFα). Additionally, both LPS and ovalbumin led to an increase in the absolute IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα serum levels and cytokine-related janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation. Moreover, the activated JAK2/STAT3 signaling increased the number of Ki67-positive cells (proliferating cells) and development pathway target gene expression (regeneration) in the inflammation models. In conclusion, LPS and ovalbumin increase immune cell infiltration in tissues, NF-κB activation, cytokine levels in serum, cytokine-stimulated JAK2/STAT3 signaling, and tissue regeneration.
BackgroundBentonite, a montmorillonite clay, has been used as a classical remedy strategy for a long time. Recently, bentonite has been used as a raw material in cosmetic products because of its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. However, the therapeutic effect of bentonite on burn injuries has not yet been identi ed. Here, we explored the therapeutic effect of a novel bentonite complex, which was developed for medical use, on burn wounds and the anti-in ammatory function of bentonite clay in the complex in vitro. MethodsA novel bentonite complex and bentonite clay were provided by C&L Biotech Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). The elements of bentonite clay were analysed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Burn wounds were induced on the dorsal skin of two Yucatan minipigs, and tissue regeneration was determined by cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition using immunohistochemistry and Masson's trichrome staining. Anti-in ammatory function was determined using quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. ResultsWe found that by inducing collagen synthesis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis, the bentonite complex improved skin regeneration in burn wounds. It was also identi ed that the expression of in ammatory cytokines associated with cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) signalling was signi cantly inhibited by treatment of the burn wounds with the bentonite complex. An in vitro study to identify the anti-in ammatory effect of bentonite clay, a major component of the bentonite complex, showed that COX-2 signalling was signi cantly regulated in both HacaT keratinocytes and 3D4/2 macrophage cell lines in vitro. ConclusionsThis study identi ed the therapeutic effect of a novel bentonite complex in burn wounds by inducing skin regeneration and bentonite-mediated anti-in ammatory responses with bentonite complex treatment.
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