We tested the hypotheses that hypoxic exposure is associated with exacerbated pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular (RV) enlargement, reduced atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) clearance receptor (NPR-C) expression, and enhanced B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) expression in the absence of ANP. Male wild-type [ANP(+/+)], heterozygous [ANP(+/−)], and homozygous [ANP(−/−)] mice were studied after a 5-wk hypoxic exposure (10% O2). Hypoxia increased RV ANP mRNA and plasma ANP levels only in ANP(+/+) and ANP(+/−) mice. Hypoxia-induced increases in RV pressure were significantly greater in ANP(−/−) than in ANP(+/+) or ANP(+/−) mice (104 ± 17 vs. 45 ± 10 and 63 ± 7%, respectively) as were increases in RV mass (38 ± 4 vs. 26 ± 5 and 29 ± 4%, respectively). NPR-C mRNA levels were greatly reduced in the kidney, lung, and brain by hypoxia in all three genotypes. RV BNP mRNA and lung and kidney cGMP levels were increased in hypoxic mice. These findings indicate that disrupted ANP expression worsens hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and RV enlargement but does not alter hypoxia-induced decreases in NPR-C and suggest that compensatory increases in BNP expression occur in the absence of ANP.

Cholangiocytes are a major source of hepatic endothelin 1 production during the development of hepatopulmonary syndrome after common bile duct ligation, but not in thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis. Transforming growth factor beta1 stimulates cholangiocyte endothelin 1 expression and production. Cholangiocyte-derived endothelin 1 may be an important endocrine mediator of experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome.