In recent years, cybercrime activities have grown significantly, compromising device security and jeopardizing the normal activities of enterprises. The profits obtained through intimidation and the limitations for tracking down the illegal transactions have created a lucrative business based on the hijacking of users’ files. In this context, ransomware takes advantage of cryptography to compromise the user information or deny access to the operating system. Then, the attacker extorts the victim to pay a ransom in order to regain access, recover the data, or keep the information private. Nowadays, the adoption of Situational Awareness (SA) and cognitive approaches can facilitate the rapid identification of ransomware threats. SA allows knowing what is happening in compromised devices and network communications through monitoring, aggregation, correlation, and analysis tasks. The current literature provides some parameters that are monitored and analyzed in order to prevent these kinds of attacks at an early stage. However, there is no complete list of them. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first proposal that summarizes the parameters evaluated in this research field and considers the SA concept. Furthermore, there are several articles that tackle ransomware problems. However, there are few surveys that summarize the current situation in the area, not only regarding its evolution but also its issues and future challenges. This survey also provides a classification of ransomware articles based on detection and prevention approaches.

Ransomware-related cyber-attacks have been on the rise over the last decade, disturbing organizations considerably. Developing new and better ways to detect this type of malware is necessary. This research applies dynamic analysis and machine learning to identify the ever-evolving ransomware signatures using selected dynamic features. Since most of the attributes are shared by diverse ransomware-affected samples, our study can be used for detecting current and even new variants of the threat. This research has the following objectives: (1) Execute experiments with encryptor and locker ransomware combined with goodware to generate JSON files with dynamic parameters using a sandbox. (2) Analyze and select the most relevant and non-redundant dynamic features for identifying encryptor and locker ransomware from goodware. (3) Generate and make public a dynamic features dataset that includes these selected parameters for samples of different artifacts. (4) Apply the dynamic feature dataset to obtain models with machine learning algorithms. Five platforms, 20 ransomware, and 20 goodware artifacts were evaluated. The final feature dataset is composed of 2000 registers of 50 characteristics each. This dataset allows for a machine learning detection with a 10-fold cross-evaluation with an average accuracy superior to 0.99 for gradient boosted regression trees, random forest, and neural networks.

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