The lung microbiome composition has critical implications in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized the understanding of pulmonary physiology and pathology. Currently, it is clear that the lung is not a sterile place; therefore, the investigation of the participation of the pulmonary microbiome in the presentation, severity, and prognosis of multiple pathologies, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial lung diseases, contributes to a better understanding of the pathophysiology. Dysregulation of microbiota components in the microbiome–host interaction is associated with multiple lung pathologies, severity, and prognosis, making microbiome study a useful tool for the identification of potential therapeutic strategies. This review integrates the findings regarding the activation and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response pathways according to the microbiome, including microbial patterns that could be characteristic of certain diseases. Further studies are required to verify whether the microbial profile and its metabolites can be used as biomarkers of disease progression or poor prognosis and to identify new therapeutic targets that restore lung dysbiosis safely and effectively.

Introduction: Lung microbiome dysbiosis affects the immune system balance and promotes lung inflammation. We aimed to characterize and compare the lung bacteriome composition and the cytokine profile in women with normal lung function exposed to risk factors for chronic lung diseases (tobacco smoking and biomass-burning smoke exposure).Methods: We included women with biomass-burning smoke exposure (BE, n = 11) and current smokers women (TS, n = 10). The bacteriome composition was performed in induced sputum, sequencing the 16 rRNA gene. Cytokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay multiplex assay in the supernatant of induced sputum. For quantitative variables, we used medians and minimum and maxim values. For the amplicon sequence variants (ASV) differential abundance testing between groups.Results: At the taxa level, the phylum Proteobacteria was found in a higher proportion in the TS group concerning BE (p = .045); however, after the false discovery rate adjustment, this difference was not retained (p = .288). We found a higher concentration of IL-1β in the TS group than in the BE group (248.6 vs. 177.9 pg/mL, p = .010). Women with high biomass-burning smoke exposure in an hour per day had a positive correlation with the abundance of Bacteroidota (ρ = 0.71, p = .014) and Fusobacteriota (ρ = 0.73, p = .011). FEV1/ FVC had a positive correlation with an abundance of Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria (ρ = 0.74, p = .009, ρ = 0.85, p = .001, and ρ = 0.83, p = .001, respectively). In tobacco smoking, women had a positive

BACKGROUNDChronic Shoulder Pain (CSP) is a health problem that affects almost 67% of the general population. Almost a third of patients with acute shoulder pain syndrome don’t respond to initial therapy with analgesics and need interventional therapy. Corticosteroid injection is the standard therapy. Prolotherapy has been demonstrated to be effective in other chronic pain syndromes, but not in CSP. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of prolotherapy compared to local anesthetic injection in the treatment of chronic shoulder painMETHODSRetrospective and comparative study of 77 patients from the National Institute of Oncology in Mexico City who received treatment for Chronic Shoulder Pain guided by ultrasound between 2017-2019. 57 patients were kept in the study for further analysis. 39 received infiltration with corticosteroids and 17 prolotherapy. Effectiveness of therapies was determined based on the decrease in VAS score in next follow-up session. Statistical analysis were performed with SPSS and RStudio Software.RESULTS51% of patients with Chronic Shoulder Pain were unemployed. 84% of the patients needed 3 different types of analgesics before they received ultrasound guided local treatment. Prolotherapy was as efficient as local anesthetic injection, no matter basal pain severity or underlying shoulder diagnosis, despite prolotherapy being more used as treatment for Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.CONCLUSIONSProlotherapy and corticosteroid injection guided by ultrasound have the same efficacy in pain relief for chronic shoulder pain in oncologic patients.