The effectiveness of flipped learning depends largely on student typology. This study analyzes the applicability of this approach, according to the characteristics inherent to students based on their educational stage. The objective of the research is to verify the effectiveness of flipped learning compared to a traditional methodology during the stages of preschool, primary, and secondary education. For this study, a descriptive and correlational experimental research design was followed, based on a quantitative methodology. Two types of analysis groups (control and experimental) were established in each of the mentioned educational stages. As a data collection instrument, a validated ad hoc questionnaire was applied to a sample of 168 students from the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain). The results show that the applicability of flipped learning is more positive in primary and secondary education when compared to a traditional teaching method. However, the results found in preschool education reflect the difficulties in adapting the model to the needs of the students of that stage, due to the difficulties in the autonomous management of digital teaching platforms and the requirement of a minimum level of abstraction to apply this approach.

Educational technology is achieving great potential in the formative processes of today's society. Flipped learning is considered as a pedagogical innovation derived from the technological influence in learning spaces. The general objective of the research is to analyze the effectiveness of flipped learning on a traditional teaching and learning approach in the subject of Mathematics. To achieve this objective, an experimental design of a descriptive and correlational type has been followed through a quantitative research method. Two study groups have been set up. In the control group, the contents have been imparted from a traditional perspective, and in the experimental group, innovation has been applied through the use of flipped learning. The sample of participants has been chosen by means of intentional sampling and reached the figure of 60 students in the 4th year of Secondary Education at an educational center in Ceuta (Spain). A questionnaire has been used for data collection. The results reflect that the application of flipped learning has obtained better assessment in established attitudinal and mathematical indicators. It is concluded that with the use of flipped learning, motivation and skills are increased in the analysis and representation of graphs. flipped learning has many followers around the world. This methodology is carried out by thousands of teachers in their classrooms and has obtained the confidence of many pedagogues for its effectiveness in the development of educational processes and for the achievement of objectives [14][15][16].At the educational level, flipped learning is considered a mixed process that involves both online teaching and face-to-face teaching [17]. This involves an exchange of roles between educational agents. The teacher goes from being the protagonist to being in charge of guiding and guiding the student's instructional process through both face-to-face and virtual tutoring of the students, and also becomes the creator of audiovisual teaching materials [18,19]. This methodology requires turning around the daily didactic processes to which we are accustomed, that is, with flipped learning, the student visualizes and assimilates the contents in their home or in any place and medium that allows them to access audiovisual resources before going to school [20]. Therefore, students acquire content knowledge through instructional materials prepared by teachers through multimedia resources (i.e., videos, simulations, activities, online lectures) provided on a digital platform [21]. This technology platform and online learning environment in flipped instruction allows students the affordance of additional time and space to practice, deepen content knowledge, and apply problem solving beyond the face-to-face in-class learning environment [22][23][24][25].This technopedagogical approach focuses its main action on reversing the spatiotemporal factor and the way in which the educational action takes place [26,27]. On the one hand, the face-to-face teaching period is invested in...

Augmented reality is an emerging technology that has gained great relevance thanks to the benefits of its use in learning spaces. The present study focuses on determining the performance and scientific production of augmented reality in higher education (ARHE). A bibliometric methodology for scientific mapping has been used, based on processes of estimation, quantification, analytical tracking, and evaluation of scientific research, taking as its reference the analysis protocols included in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses for Protocols (PRISMA-P) matrix. A total of 552 scientific publications on the Web of Science (WoS) have been analyzed. Our results show that scientific productions on ARHE are not abundant, tracing its beginnings to the year 1997, with its most productive period beginning in 2015. The most abundant studies are communications and articles (generally in English), with a wide thematic variety in which the bibliometric indicators "virtual environments" and "higher education" stand out. The main sources of origin are International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED) Proceedings and Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN) Proceedings, although Spanish institutions are the most prolific. In conclusion, studies related to ARHE in the WoS have become increasingly abundant since ARHE's research inception in 1997 (and especially since 2009), dealing with a wide thematic variety focused on "virtual environments" and "higher education"; abundant manuscripts are written in English (communications and articles) and originate from Spanish institutions. The main limitation of the study is that the results only reveal the status of this issue in the WoS database. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 5306 2 of 17 the professional practice of teachers and is visible in the need to carry out innovative practices [7] according to the requirements of an education immersed in this digitalized era [8].In this sense, the digital competency of teachers has become especially relevant in their daily tasks [9]; indeed, teachers are at the forefront of the education of new generations of students who are highly familiar with technology [10]. Despite this, current students still have certain training lacunae in related professional competences [11]. Therefore, it is required that teachers integrate of knowledge and skills linked to technopedagogy-that is, a new methodological paradigm in which the materials and resources used in the teaching and learning processes are mostly technological and digital. This will improve quality indicators and reproduce innovative learning experiences in the hands of educational technology [12].One of the technologies with great promise in the field of education is augmented reality (AR) [13,14], which allowing for unique instructional activities to facilitate learning [15]. Experts define this technology as an innovation that "allows the combination of digital information and physical information in real time through different technologi...

BackgroundThe students’ motivation to learn basic sciences in health science curricula is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different components of motivation (intrinsic motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy and extrinsic -career and grade- motivation) on learning human histology in health science curricula and their relationship with the final performance of the students in histology.MethodsGlynn Science Motivation Questionnaire II was used to compare students’ motivation components to learn histology in 367 first-year male and female undergraduate students enrolled in medical, dentistry and pharmacy degree programs.ResultsFor intrinsic motivation, career motivation and self-efficacy, the highest values corresponded to medical students, whereas dentistry students showed the highest values for self-determination and grade motivation. Genders differences were found for career motivation in medicine, self-efficacy in dentistry, and intrinsic motivation, self-determination and grade motivation in pharmacy. Career motivation and self-efficacy components correlated with final performance in histology of the students corresponding to the three curricula.ConclusionsOur results show that the overall motivational profile for learning histology differs among medical, dentistry and pharmacy students. This finding is potentially useful to foster their learning process, because if they are metacognitively aware of their motivation they will be better equipped to self-regulate their science-learning behavior in histology. This information could be useful for instructors and education policy makers to enhance curricula not only on the cognitive component of learning but also to integrate students’ levels and types of motivation into the processes of planning, delivery and evaluation of medical education.

Conocer los factores que inciden en la competencia digital docente es imprescindible para que los centros educativos elaboren planes formativos adaptados a las necesidades del alumnado actual. El objetivo de investigación se centra en conocer la incidencia que ejercen en el nivel de competencia digital algunos factores inherentes a la función docente: sexo, edad, experiencia, etapa educativa y nivel de formación. Se ha empleado un diseño cuantitativo sustentado en un enfoque descriptivo y correlacional, con una muestra de 520 docentes españoles de las etapas de infantil, primaria y secundaria. Se empleó un cuestionario validado para medir la competencia digital y otro cuestionario ad hoc para los datos sociodemográficos y formativos. Los resultados revelan que las mujeres disponen de mayor nivel en la creación de contenidos digitales que los hombres, los cuales destacan en la resolución de problemas; existe una relación inversamente proporcional entre edad y nivel competencial; la experiencia mejora el nivel de seguridad digital; la etapa incide en el nivel de información y alfabetización, comunicación y creación de contenidos; el nivel de formación continua es directamente proporcional al nivel competencial. Se concluye que los factores inherentes a la práctica educativa indicen significativamente en el nivel de competencia digital docente. Knowing the factors that affect the digital teaching competence is essential for schools to develop training plans tailored to the needs of current students. The research objective is focused on knowing the incidence that some factors inherent to the teaching function have on the level of digital competence: sex, age, experience, educational stage and level of training. A quantitative design based on a descriptive and correlational approach has been used, with a sample of 520 Spanish teachers from the infant, primary and secondary stages. A validated questionnaire was used to measure digital competence and another ad hoc questionnaire for sociodemographic and formative data. The results reveal that women have a higher level of digital content creation than men, which stand out in solving problems; there is an inversely proportional relationship between age and competence level; the experience improves the level of digital security; the stage affects the level of information and literacy, communication and content creation; The level of continuing education is directly proportional to the competence level. It is concluded that the factors inherent in educational practice significantly indicate the level of digital teaching competence.