Kinin peptides exert multiple biological effects by binding to two types of G protein-coupled receptors known as B 1 (B 1 R) and B 2 receptors. Expression of the B 1 R in human breast cancer was recently reported, but up to now the consequences of its stimulation are unknown. Our aims were (1) to investigate the capacity of B 1 R to trigger cell proliferation in breast cancer cells, (2) to explore some of the downstream events occurring after B 1 R stimulation that may be linked to cell proliferation, and (3) to determine whether human breast tumors express potentially active B 1 R assessed by the binding of a radiolabeled agonist. Breast cancer cells expressed both the mRNA and the immunoreactive protein of B 1 R that once stimulated triggered cell proliferation at nanomolar concentrations of the ligand. Inhibitor studies suggested that the proliferative effects depend on the activity of epidermal growth factor receptor and subsequent ERK1/2 mitogenactivated protein kinases phosphorylation. B 1 R binding sites, were detected in 3/4 fibroadenomas, in 4/4 ductal carcinomas in situ and in 11/13 invasive ductal carcinomas. The B 1 R-epidermal growth factor receptor crosstalk may be a key interaction that maintains tumor growth, and antagonism of B 1 R may be a valuable alternative for the treatment of breast cancer.

Purpose Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) encompasses a wide pathological spectrum, from mild acetabular dysplasia to complete congenital hip dislocation at birth. Screening policies have been implemented in an effort to effectively identify and treat patients with DDH. Since 2009 there has been a national DDH programme in Chile. The current study evaluates the results of the programme in patients born between 2010 and 2015. Methods Records of patients hospitalized from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2019 were retrieved from national databases. Those born from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2015 who underwent a procedure for DDH under general anaesthesia during their first five years of life were selected. Sex, first surgical procedure and age at first surgical procedure were analyzed. The incidence of DDH that required major surgical treatment was calculated. Results A total of 961 children born from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2015 underwent a procedure for DDH during their first five years of life. The number of major procedures was significantly lower than the number of minor procedures (269 vs 692). The incidence of major procedures was 0.18 per 1000 live births. Girls underwent a higher number of procedures than boys (831 vs 130), whereas 39.2% of the boys and 26.2% of the girls had major procedures. The mean age at the time of the first procedure was 15.35 months (sd 10.09; range 0.03 to 55.92 months). Conclusion The present study suggests that the Chilean National DDH Screening Program is an appropriate programme with substantial benefits with respect to public health. Level of evidence II

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