La delincuencia organizada ligada al terrorismo y al narcotráfico ha encontrado en la dinámica sociopolítica de las fronteras los espacios propicios para sus acciones, esto genera graves amenazas para la seguridad de los Estados. Esta situación hace necesaria la investigación de las nuevas amenazas para la seguridad y defensa nacional de Colombia, en especial, los sucesos similares a los descritos por Herman Khan, en los cuales hay intereses de diferentes actores que desestabilizan la seguridad, la soberanía y el territorio. Estos eventos que ocurren en la frontera con Venezuela son recurrentes y afectan no solo a Colombia, sino al equilibrio de poder democrático regional. Es indispensable, por tanto, considerar los mecanismos de seguridad colectiva y cooperativa, así como los instrumentos del poder y defensa nacional orientados a reducir las amenazas.
The present paper addresses the legal conflicts in the extractive cycle, based on the legal framework of the international, regional and Colombian system. In order to achieve this, a hermeneutic methodology of qualitative type is followed with a systemic focus, developed into three thematic axes. The first one illustrates the consulta previa (prior consultation) and consent in prospecting and exploration. The second analyses communal property, a complex conflict in the extractive construction and transformation. The third addresses Colombia's law in relation to the exploitation and benefit in the extractive transformation. It is concluded that, in Colombia, there are two traditionally used mechanisms, the first one being the acción pública de inconstitucionalidad (public action of unconstitutionality) and the second one, the acción de tutela (protective action of constitutional rights ). Likewise, the legal framework and the caselaw established by the Corte Cosntitucional regarding natural resources has not been sufficiently assimilated by the state authorities. Therefore, the challenge that agreements and concertation should be devoid of arbitrariness and authoritarianism remains.
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