The political budget cycles (PBC), as an evolutionary part of the economic political cycle (EPC), demonstrate the existence of opportunistic practices of economic variables, electoral, and budgetary that the politicians in power operate in their management to continue in office. In this sense, the literature suggests a pattern of opportunistic behavior on voters’ myopia, showing that there is little retrospective memory for voters, allowing the party in power to execute public policies successfully. Thus, the objective of the research is to analyze the existence of political budgetary cycles in the management of investment spending by the City of Colima from the years 2009 to 2018. Thus, the objective of the research is to analyze the existence of political budgetary cycles in the management of investment spending by the City of Colima from the years 2009 to 2018. This was analyzed using the panel data methodology (MCO; EF; EA), to estimate the variables dependent on investment and current expenditure, a dummy variable was introduced to identify the year before the election and to be able to control the influence of the electoral period on each regression. The results show that investment spending is related to election periods, population growth, and the federal social aid budget sector. Current expenditure was only related to population growth. This allows us to explain that spending is a resource that finances public works in the states of Mexico. Thus, this research shows that public works is a public expenditure that the states of Mexico apply more in times of elections.

The objective of this research is to measure the effects of intellectual capital (human, organizational and technological) on financial performance. The data belong to the economic censuses of the years 2009 and 2014 in the field of tourism, with information on hotel activities in the 32 states of the Mexican Republic. The least squares methodology was applied with adjusted panel-type errors, analyzing the human, organizational and technological influence on financial performance. The results suggest that in the first place there is the technological dimension, as it is significant in its two indicators in relation to financial performance. Second, there is the human, with two of two significant indicators. Finally, the organizational one, with one of three significant indicators in relation to the dependent variable. According to the hypotheses, technological capitals and the human capital establish a significant and positive effect with financial performance. However, intellectual capital, jointly, does strengthen finances. This work contributes, with empirical evidence, to establishing links between the different types of intangibles and financial performance, as well as helping to understand the drivers of financial performance and therefore a sustainable competitive advantage.

This article identifies the impact that the COVID-19 contingency has had on the labor market in the state of Sonora in Mexico. Through a descriptive, cross- sectional and quantitative study, based on microdata from the Telephone Survey on COVID-19 and the INEGI Labor Market for the state of Sonora. The main effects that workers have had during the pandemic and how they have coped with this period of crisis are described. The results show the great impact that has been had in the state and what is the outlook for the future.