The hydrodynamics of high liquid holdup airlift reactors have not been widely studied. In this work we study the riser of a reactor of this type, focussing on the in¯uence of the gas¯ow rate and the submergence ratio on various hydrodynamic parameters: liquid circulation velocity, gas holdup, and gas residence time in the liquid. A notable difference in reactor behavior is observed with a submergence ratio equal to unity and with a ratio lower than unity. Correlations for the parameters studied in different conditions, as several submergence ratios, are proposed, these are extrapolations of other equations proposed in the literature for airlift reactors. The reactor studied in this work can be thought of as an element of a great pool formed by multiple elements of similar¯ux type. The studied parameters are shown to be very important for subsequent hydrodynamic and mass transfer modeling of the reactor.
Hydrodynamics in the downcomer of a high liquid holdup airlift tower loop reactor, whose riser has been previously studied, is presented. A visual procedure with colorimetric tracers injected into the top part of the riser and monitored by means of a video camera system, for subsequent treatment of the obtained images, was used. The tracer front advance curves have suggested a compartmental model of three parameters to be used for physical transport processes.
Las reformas recientes introducidas en el sector eléctrico español han inducido una situación de mayor competitividad que exige un incremento en eficacia y flexibilidad —a corto y largo plazo— de las técnicas que han de administrar la producción en las empresas concurrentes. En ese contexto, mostramos un nuevo método para resolver el problema hidrotérmico (gestión de redes compuestas por centrales térmicas e hidráulicas) mediante un sistema de optimización denominado APFP (Algoritmo del Poliedro Flexible con Funciones de Penalización). Al final, se incluye una aplicación a un caso real que permite contrastar algunas de las ventajas de la metodología propuesta.
Recientemente varios países desarrollados han reestructurado sus respectivos sistemas eléctricos , y España se ha incorporado a este nuevo proceso promulgando diversas leyes para definir la Nueva Regulación del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional. Como consecuencia el problema de la coordinación hidrotérmica atendiendo a la optimización de múltiples factores va a ser un reto fundamental con el que se tendrán que enfrentar las compañías generadoras de electricidad. A continuación se expone un sistema de optimización basado en el empleo del método de Ritz para resolver este problema, que consiste en el cálculo de las potencias generadas en las centrales, tanto térmicas como hidráulicas, de un sistema hidrotérmico, para que un funcional múltiple, sea lo más pequeño posible, teniendo en cuenta diversos factores que intervendrán en el problema en forma de restricciones que se tendrán que cumplir necesariamente. Una novedad importante de este método es que permite incluir varios factores, como el coste asociado a la contaminación y también se considera el retraso en el transporte que es el tiempo que tarda en fluir el agua de una central a otra.
Hydrodynamics in the downcomer of a high liquid holdup airlift tower loop reactor, whose riser has been previously studied, is presented. A visual procedure with colorimetric tracers injected into the top part of the riser and monitored by means of a video camera system, for subsequent treatment of the obtained images, was used. The tracer front advance curves have suggested a compartmental model of three parameters to be used for physical transport processes. # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry Keywords: airlift reactor; hydrodynamics; modeling; submergence ratio; high downcomer to riser ratioTracer concentration in the reactor iÀ1Tracer concentration in the reactor j (mg dm À3 ) f Fitted parameter, eqns (10) ε a Gas holdup in the riser (dimensionless)
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