This study uses Landsat 8 and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) to show the dominant orientations of digital lineaments and morphotectonic features between measured trends and the tectonic evolution of the Upper Guajira, Colombia, in the northernmost region of the South American plate. Data from Landsat-8 and hillshaded images of three Digital Elevation Model (DEM) images with different resolutions (SRTM: 90m, ASTER-GDEM: 30m and Alos-Palsar: 12.5m), were used for the extraction and mapping of morpholineaments, drainage network and morphological features. Lineaments were analyzed by means of north azimuth frequency, length, density distributions, lithological distributions and geochronological periods. Tectonic control was supported by using the digitized geological map created by the Colombian Geological Service (SGC). Lineaments and faults were analyzed through the interpretation of a Riedel shear model as a result of the transtensional/transpressional tectonic arrangement of the Caribbean and South American plates. The directional trends of lineaments and faults indicate two dominant directions: NE-SW and E-W. The azimuth distribution analysis of measured structures and drainage channels show similar trends, except for some differences in the predominant directions of some drainage channels. The similarity in the orientation of lineaments, faults and drainage system highlights the degree of control exerted by underlying structures on the surface geomorphological features. Drainage channel classification illustrates the morphological and neo-tectonic complexity of the region. The extracted lineaments were divided into five geochronological groups based on the main ages of host rock formations according to the Colombian Geological Service (SGC) geological map. From the Cretaceous onward, the lineament azimuth frequency rotates from a NE-SW trend to a prominent E-W direction, which resembles the translation that Caribbean plate has been undergoing since the Cretaceous. Our results confirm that Remote Sensing techniques are reliable and useful to study the morphotectonic of an area and can be applied to zones of difficult access.
<p>The nature of the Estonian crust was studied using global topography, magnetic data, and gravity data to estimate its tectonic regime. The Estonian Precambrian crystalline basement, composed of Paleo- to MesoProterozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks, is covered by a Paleozoic sedimentary rock deposit 100&#8211;780 m thick. To visualize crustal sources of the Estonian basement, we employed spectrum analysis of magnetic and gravity data, as well as two-dimensional (2D) forward modeling of gravity data. The gravimetric data was also evaluated to identify the depth of the Moho and Conrad discontinuities in Estonia. The magnetic data has also been evaluated to calculate the Curie point depth, which was then utilized to predict heat flow values inside the research zone. The subsurface of Estonia is divided into six petrological-structural zones: Tallinn, Alutaguse, Johvi, West-Estonian, Tapa and South-Estonian. To assess the structural variations of the crust at these locations, profiles of topographic, gravity, magnetic and heat flow data were constructed in each of the petrological-structural zones. The spectrum analysis and 2D gravity forward models yielded residual and regional gravity anomaly maps that show a significant amplitude potential maximum across the precambrian Rapakivi granitoid plutons and the Paldiski-Pskov tectonic zone. The Curie point depth reveals values ranging from 7 to 26 km, whereas the Moho depth suggests values ranging from 48 to 72 km and the Conrad depth values ranging from 14 to 20 km.</p>
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