Perennial rivers and streams make a disproportionate contribution to global carbon (C)cycling. However, the contribution of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams, which

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico‐chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%–98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in global biogeochemical cycles, especially because prevalence of IRES will increase due to increasing severity of drying events.

Wetlands are often vital physical and social components of a country’s natural capital, as well as providers of ecosystem services to local and national communities. We performed a network analysis to prioritize Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for sustainable development in iconic wetlands and wetlandscapes around the world. The analysis was based on the information and perceptions on 45 wetlandscapes worldwide by 49 wetland researchers of the Global Wetland Ecohydrological Network (GWEN). We identified three 2030 Agenda targets of high priority across the wetlandscapes needed to achieve sustainable development: Target 6.3—“Improve water quality”; 2.4—“Sustainable food production”; and 12.2—“Sustainable management of resources”. Moreover, we found specific feedback mechanisms and synergies between SDG targets in the context of wetlands. The most consistent reinforcing interactions were the influence of Target 12.2 on 8.4—“Efficient resource consumption”; and that of Target 6.3 on 12.2. The wetlandscapes could be differentiated in four bundles of distinctive priority SDG-targets: “Basic human needs”, “Sustainable tourism”, “Environmental impact in urban wetlands”, and “Improving and conserving environment”. In general, we find that the SDG groups, targets, and interactions stress that maintaining good water quality and a “wise use” of wetlandscapes are vital to attaining sustainable development within these sensitive ecosystems.

Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) may represent over half the global stream network, but their contribution to respiration and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is largely undetermined. In particular, little is known about the variability and drivers of respiration in IRES sediments upon rewetting, which could result in large pulses of CO2. We present a global study examining sediments from 200 dry IRES reaches spanning multiple biomes. Results from standardized assays show that mean respiration increased 32‐fold to 66‐fold upon sediment rewetting. Structural equation modeling indicates that this response was driven by sediment texture and organic matter quantity and quality, which, in turn, were influenced by climate, land use, and riparian plant cover. Our estimates suggest that respiration pulses resulting from rewetting of IRES sediments could contribute significantly to annual CO2 emissions from the global stream network, with a single respiration pulse potentially increasing emission by 0.2–0.7%. As the spatial and temporal extent of IRES increases globally, our results highlight the importance of recognizing the influence of wetting‐drying cycles on respiration and CO2 emissions in stream networks.

ResumenLas alteraciones del nivel medio local del mar y la deforestación son dos cambios globales que impactan severamente a los manglares del Caribe colombiano, pero poco se ha discutido acerca de ellos en el golfo de Urabá. El objetivo de esta revisión es sintetizar la literatura publicada sobre esos temas en esta área. Este golfo presenta extensas áreas estructuralmente diferentes a las del resto del Caribe, que están disminuyendo y degradándose como producto de: a) la erosión costera y el aumento del nivel del mar; b) la entresaca de árboles y la expansión de la frontera agrícola; y c) la deforestación de las cuencas y la exportación de sedimentos hacia los estuarios. El delta del río Atrato y varios microdeltas de la costa oriental se expandieron, mientras que la ensenada de Rionegro permaneció estable, al menos durante el siglo XX. La costa oriental, con las áreas más pequeñas de manglar, se erosionó varios metros por año debido a la deriva litoral. Cerca a la cabecera municipal de Turbo, la entresaca de árboles para diferentes fines ha reducido el diámetro promedio de Rhizophora mangle y ha aumentado el valor de importancia de Laguncularia racemosa, afectando el reservorio de biomasa y carbono aéreos. La expansión de la frontera agropecuaria ha reducido la extensión de los rodales interiores de Avicennia germinans. La alta tasa de deforestación de las cuencas y planicies costeras de la zona bananera ha incrementado la carga de sedimentos de los ríos, la cual se acumula en los deltas. En estos, los manglares retienen cantidades significativas de sedimentos, con posible detrimento de la colonización y sobrevivencia de plántulas y macroinvertebrados bénticos. En conclusión, en el golfo de Urabá se presentan en la actualidad cambios globales naturales y antropogénicos de magnitudes significativas, tanto en la zona litoral como en las cuencas costeras, los cuales requieren una urgente implementación de medidas de adaptación dentro de los planes de manejo de los manglares y de la zona costera.Palabras clave: conversión agrícola, deforestación, erosión costera, manglares, sedimentación A AbstractAccelerated mean sea level rise and deforestation are two global changes severely impacting mangroves along the Colombian Caribbean coast, but little has been discussed about them for the Gulf of Urabá. The objective of this review is to synthesize the published literature on such topics available to date for this area. This gulf holds extensive areas, structurally different from the rest of the Caribbean, which are shrinking and degrading as a consequence of: a) coastal erosion and sea level rise; b) selective logging and agricultural expansion; and c) watershed deforestation and sediment exports to the estuaries. The Atrato River delta, and several microdeltas located along the eastern coast have expanded, while the Rionegro Cove has remained relatively unchanged, at least during the 20 th century. The eastern coast, with the smalles mangrove patches, have eroded at a rate of various meters per year due to the littoral...