Changes were recorded in population and species density of a 3—ha permanent Trachypogon savanna plot, protected against fire and cattle grazing for 16 yr (1961—1977). This savanna is a grassland (mainly Trachypogon species), with scattered trees and groves. Under protection it is gradually changing into a denser arboreal community; trees in the grassland and in the groves increased 14.6— and 3.7—fold, respectively. In places, ironstone outcrops limit woody plant invasion and prevent the whole area from developing into a savanna woodland. Experimental explosions (using dynamite) in the ironstone outcrop led to the growth of trees in soil pockets formed in the artificial fissures.

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