A novel vegetative insecticidal gene, vip3A(a), whose gene product shows activity against lepidopteran insect larvae including black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) has been isolated from BaciUlus thuringiensis strain AB88. VIP3-insecticidal gene homologues have been detected in "15% of Bacillus strains analyzed. The isolation and characterization of new insecticidal activities is the basis of many pest control programs. Bacillus thuringiensis, a gram-positive soil bacterium, is well known for its ability to produce crystalline inclusions during sporulation which contain insecticidal proteins called S-endotoxins. These inclusions are solubilized in insect midguts, releasing the 6-endotoxins that, upon proteolytic activation, exhibit a highly specific insecticidal activity (1). In the past decades, many B. thuringiensis strains with different insect host spectra have been identified and their $-endotoxins used in formulations for biopesticides (2). Recently, the cloning of $-endotoxin genes (3) and their expression in transgenic plants (4) has provided an alternative strategy for crop protection against insect damage.Although B. thuringiensis 8-endotoxins are effective insecticidal proteins, there are several agronomically important insects that are less sensitive to their action (5). The lepidopteran black cutworm (BCW, Agrotis ipsilon) is an example. BCW is a worldwide pest that attacks more than 50 crops, including cereal grains (6). This pest is difficult to control because by the time the infestations are apparent, the susceptible stages (i.e., larvae) are past and damage may already be serious and irreversible.Extensive screening programs are being carried out by various groups to search for B. thuringiensis strains with new insecticidal spectra. These evaluations have focused mainly on the identification of new 6-endotoxins that are expressed during sporulation (7). Our experimental approach focused on bacterial stages before sporulation, and has led to the identification of non-S-endotoxins with insecticidal activities. We describe here the cloning and characterization of vip3A (a) (pH 7.5) and dialyzed overnight at 4°C. The dialysate was titrated to pH 4.5 using 20 mM sodium citrate (pH 2.5). After 30 min incubation at room temperature, the sample was centrifuged at 3000 x g for 10 min. The resulting protein pellet was redissolved in 20 mM BisTris-Propane (pH 9.0) and fractionated on a Poros HQ/N anion exchange column (PerSeptive Biosystems, Framingham, MA) using a linear gradient from 0 to 500 mM NaCl in 20 mM Bis-Tris-Propane (pH 9.0) at a flow rate of 4 ml/min. The insecticidal protein eluted at 250 mM NaCl.Peptide Analysis and Oligonucleotide Synthesis. Fractions with insecticidal activity were fractionated in SDS/8-16% polyacrylamide gradient gels and transferred to poly(vinylidene difluoride) membranes (8). The most abundant protein band (molecular...

Insect pests are a major cause of damage to the world's commercially important agricultural crops. Current strategies aimed at reducing crop losses rely primarily on chemical pesticides. Alternatively transgenic crops with intrinsic pest resistance offer a promising alternative and continue to be developed. The first generation of insect-resistant transgenic plants are based on insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). A second generation of insect-resistant plants under development include both Bt and non-Bt proteins with novel modes of action and different spectra of activity against insect pests.

A calcium-dependent calmodulin-independent protein kinase (CDPK) has been cloned from maize (Zea

The rolC gene of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which drastically affects growth and development of transgenic plants, codes for a cytokinin‐beta‐glucosidase. Indeed, rolC protein expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein hydrolyses cytokinin glucosides, thus liberating free cytokinins. Furthermore, beta‐glucosidase activity present in E. coli extracts expressing the rolC protein was inhibited by affinity‐purified antibodies specific for the rolC protein. Finally, rolC proteins expressed in transgenic plants were shown to be responsible for cytokinin‐beta‐glucosidase activity. Morphological and phytohormonal analysis, performed on transgenic plants that are somatic mosaics for the expression of the rolC gene, extend and confirm our interpretation that the developmental, physiological and morphological alterations caused by rolC expression in transgenic plants are primarily due to a modification of the cytokinin balance. These observations shed new light on the control of growth and differentiation in plants by growth factors.