Fusarium oxysporum is a widely distributed soil-borne fungus, which is the most serious pathogen in Crocus sativus production. Due to the lack of resistant cultivars of saffron，and the unclear disease resistance and pathogenic mechanism, there is no really effective control method at present. In this study, the process of F.oxysporum infection of saffron corms and the physiological responses of saffron were analyzed. On this basis, dual RNA-seq was performed on the saffron corms inoculated on the 3th and 6th days of F. oxysporum to analyze the defense-related genes of saffron and the pathogenicity-related genes of F. oxysporum. The results showed that on the third day of infection, it was observed that the hyphae completely entered the corm cells and colonized and spread in the cells; on the sixth day of infection, hyphae have appeared in xylem cells to block vessels. Interacting transcriptome results indicate that in the host saffron, its phenylpropanoid metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction pathways were activated during infection process, which were conducive to the enhancement of cell wall, the occurrence of hypersensitivity, and the accumulation of various antibacterial proteins and phytoantitoxins. Meanwhile, in the fungus, the expression levels of cell wall degradationenzyme-related genes, growth and development -related genes and pathogenicity-related genes in F. oxysporum were up-regulated, indicating its strong pathogenicity. The study provides a new insight into the molecular mechanism of the interaction between C. sativus and F. oxysporum, and also provides a theoretical basis for mining saffron disease resistance genes.

Enteral nutrition (EN) is a diet-remission therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that plays a more important role in children than adults. EN includes exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), partial enteral nutrition (PEN), and maintenance enteral nutrition (MEN). However, EEN remains an unstandardized treatment for pediatric IBD. The types and methods of EN differ around the world. The current study reviewed the EN literature on children with IBD. A total of 12 survey studies were identified that analyzed the current state of EN use, including clinical opinions, implementation methods, treatment course, EEN formula, IBD classification, progress, dietary reintroduction, and patient feedback. The findings revealed that EEN has a strong effect on mild to moderate Crohn’s disease (CD). The usage rates of this treatment in different sites were ileum/colon (Paris classification L3) > ileum (L1) > upper digestive tract (L4) > colon (L2) > perianal disease (P) > ulcerative colitis (UC) > extraintestinal lesions. The polymeric formula was the most used EN formulation. New EN diets include a CD exclusion diet (CDED), a specific carbohydrate diet (SCD), and a CD treatment-with-eating (CD-TREAT) diet. Children with IBD responded similarly to EEN administered orally or using a feeding tube. Most guidelines recommended 6–8 weeks of EEN treatment to induce remission. Many clinicians preferred to combine drug medications during EEN and recommended that MEN accounts for at least 25–35% of daily caloric intake. EN remains an unstandardized therapy that requires teamwork across disciplines.