PURPOSE We wanted to design and validate the Hearing-Dependent Daily Activities (HDDA) Scale as a means of identifying the impact of hearing loss in older persons by measuring capacity to carry out hearing-dependent activities. METHODSWe undertook a cross-sectional, observational study to validate a scale administered during a personal interview with 1,160 participants aged 65 years and older. When using the instrument to identify patients with hearing impairment, sensitivity and specifi city were determined using an audiogram with Ventry and Weinstein criteria as the criterion standard. Standardized audiometries were performed blindly, without knowledge of results of the HDDA Scale. RESULTSAccording to the criterion standard, 506 participants had hearing impairment (43.6%; 95% confi dence interval [CI], 40.8%-46.5%). The HDDA scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.91). Regarding hearing impairment criteria, the HDDA scale obtained a sensitivity of 80.0% (95% CI, 76.3%-83.3%) and a specifi city of 70.2% (95% CI, 66.5%-73.5%). CONCLUSIONSThe HDDA scale constitutes a clinically useful instrument for identifying the impact of hearing loss on daily life in the elderly, a condition frequently overlooked during routine medical check-ups. This tool has acceptable psychometric properties and high internal consistency.

There is a wide variation in the results as regards what patients believe gender-based violence is and what aspects it covers.

PI affects approximately one fifth of people over the age of 65. It is more frequent in females and is related to the existence of other health problems, medication and inadequate sleep hygiene.

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