In pediatric RT recipients, UTI is the most frequent syndrome. Bacterial infections are the most common, with a high rate of ESBL producer strains. Despite their good prognosis, infections are a cause of morbidity that could potentially be reduced by decreasing cold ischemia times.
Both patient and allograft survival proved to be excellent in paediatric patients (98.4% and 90.3%) and adults (96.8% and 95.0%). The rates of biopsy-proven acute rejections (BPAR) and treated acute rejection episodes (ARE) were comparable between paediatric (12.9% and 17.7%) and adult patients (15.5% and 20.7%). Transplant function at 12 months post-transplant was similar in paediatric (67.8 ± 45.6 mL/min/1.73 m2;) and adult recipients (64.7 ± 23.3 mL/min/1.73 m2;). Children < 6 years (n = 10) exhibited a numerically higher frequency of leucocytopaenia (20%), diarrhoea (40%) and weight loss (10%) than older children (6-18 years; 5.8%, 28.8% and 1.9%) and adults (16.1%, 24.7% and 1.5%). On the whole, the percentage of patients who experienced adverse events causing interruption of MMF therapy were numerically lower in children (4.8%) than in adults (12.5%). Conclusions. The overall efficacy and tolerability of MMF appear to be comparable between paediatric and adult patients. Further studies are needed to validate these results.
There are few data describing the current practices of treatment selection for children with endstage renal disease (ESRD). In an effort to establish a consensus among Spanish pediatric nephrologists for inclusion and exclusion criteria for renal replacement therapy in children with ESRD, in 1995 we surveyed members of the Spanish Pediatric Nephrology Association. Although only 43% of members responded, pediatric nephrologists and bioethicists studied the results and compiled a list of ten guidelines for treatment of children with ESRD. The proposed guidelines are meant to be a starting point for further discussion. An emphasis on flexibility, individual case assessment, and consideration of the best interests of the patient must remain central to any treatment plan. Decision making should ideally be shared by parents, professionals, the child, when appropriate, and ethics committees, as necessary.
Los riñones cumplen la misión de mantener el equilibrio hidroelectrolítico y son los órganos mejor irrigados de la economía con 20% del gasto cardíaco. Poseen un sistema de regulación único, que responde a cambios en el aporte sanguíneo y cambios en el ultra filtrado con disminución en la función 1 .
DEFINICIÓNSe conoce en términos generales como insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) la disminución o suspensión súbita en la filtración glomerular acompañada de la retención de desechos nitrogenados y alteraciones en el equilibrio hídrico, ácido base y metabólico, con grado variable en el volumen urinario. Entre 4% y 5% de los pacientes hospitalizados desarrollan IRA 2 .
CLASIFICACIÓN, ETIOLOGÍA Y FISIOPATOLOGÍAPara efectos de clasificación y por ser anatómicamente correlacionada, la IRA se clasifica en tres grupos 3-5 : 1. Origen prerrenal. También se llama hiperazoemia prerrenal, porque se debe a una disminución real o efectiva del volumen circulante, lo que disminuye el flujo sanguíneo renal, desencadena efectos sobre la filtración glomerular, pero las estructuras renales s e c o n s e r v a n í n t e g r a s . P . debe a isquemia a nivel tubular ocasionada generalmente por redistribución del flujo sanguíneo a nivel cortical/medular, secundaria a disminución real y severa del volumen circulante, tiene una fase inicial o de establecimiento, una fase de estabilización y una fase de recuperación a la vez; por el volumen urinario se clasifica en oligúrica (<400 ml/24 h) y no oligúrica 4 . d. Vascular. Debida a la interrupción del flujo sanguíneo a nivel de arterias o pequeñas arteriolas, pero q u e e n c o n j u n t o i m p i d e n l a adecuada irrigación al glomérulo. 3. Origen postrenal. Se debe a obstrucción funcional o mecánica del flujo urinario. P.e., urolitiasis, neoplasias.
DIAGNÓSTICO1. Historia clínica. El interrogatorio es fundamental y analiza la presencia de enfermedades que soporten el diagnóstico de vasculitis, uso de medicamentos, entidades como cirrosis y enfermedad cardiovascular, pérdida marcada de volumen (vómito, s u d o r a c i ó n m a r c a d a , d i a r r e a ) , episodios de hipotensión y diagnósti-co previo de enfermedad renal. En el examen físico, además, es necesario
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