El desarrollo de metodologías que permitan el diagnóstico del estado y la tendencia de la actividad económica es de especial importancia para la toma de decisiones de política económica. En este documento se propone un indicador semanal de actividad económica para Colombia, para el período comprendido entre febrero de 2000 y mayo de 2022. El indicador es obtenido como resultado de un modelo de factores dinámicos con un esquema de frecuencias mixtas, que emplea 32 variables semanales (10), mensuales (19) y trimestrales (3). Los resultados muestran que el indicador captura de forma adecuada los ciclos sobresalientes en el período de análisis, dentro de los cuales se destaca la reciente crisis originada por la pandemia del Covid-19. Además, sugieren que, como se espera, la capacidad del indicador para estimar el desempeño de la actividad económica en el trimestre mejora a medida que se cuenta con más información disponible, considerando los rezagos de publicación de la misma.

Los datos recientes de actividad económica, inflación y mercado laboral sugieren que sus tendencias han estado acorde con la valoración del equipo técnico sobre el estado de la economía y su evolución esperada, caracterizada por una caída en la demanda y la persistencia de amplios excesos de capacidad productiva. La fuerte caída proyectada del producto se materializó en el segundo trimestre, hecho que ha contribuido a un descenso de la inflación por debajo de la meta del 3% y se ha visto reflejado en un fuerte deterioro del mercado laboral. Para lo que resta del presente y durante el siguiente año se sigue esperando una lenta recuperación del producto y del empleo, junto con una inflación creciente, pero inferior a la meta. En 2020 la economía colombiana registraría una fuerte recesión (caída del PIB del 7,6%), menor que la proyectada en el informe pasado (caída del PIB del 8,5%). A partir del segundo semestre los niveles del producto se recuperarían de forma lenta, sin alcanzar en 2021 los valores previos a la pandemia, y en un entorno de amplia incertidumbre. La caída del producto del primer semestre del año resultó menor que la estimada, debido a la revisión al alza del PIB del primer trimestre y por una contracción en el segundo (-15,5%) más leve que la proyectada (-16,5%). Los indicadores disponibles de actividad económica sugieren que la caída anual del PIB para el tercer trimestre estaría alrededor del 9%. Para lo que resta del año y en 2021 se supone que no habrá una aceleración importante de los contagios del Covid-19 que impliquen un endurecimiento de las medidas de distanciamiento social que afecten de manera importante la actividad económica. Con esto, la apertura gradual de la economía continuaría y la oferta de los sectores más afectados por la pandemia se iría recuperando de forma lenta en la medida en que la flexibilización de las restricciones siga avanzando. Por el lado del gasto, la mejora en la confianza de los hogares, la demanda represada de varios bienes y servicios, los mayores niveles esperados de demanda externa y las bajas tasas reales de interés contribuirían a la recuperación del nivel del producto. A lo anterior se suma una base baja de comparación, que explicaría gran parte del aumento del PIB en 2021. Con todo esto, se espera que el crecimiento económico para 2020 se sitúe entre un -9% y -6,5%, con un -7,6% como valor central. Para 2021 se proyecta un crecimiento entre el 3% y 7%, con un 4,6% como valor central (Gráfico 1.1). Frente al informe de julio, la revisión al alza en las proyecciones de actividad económica incorpora la menor caída observada en el primer semestre y una recuperación algo más rápida que la esperada para el tercer trimestre en algunos sectores económicos. Los intervalos de pronóstico de crecimiento para 2020 y 2021 se redujeron, pero siguen siendo amplios y reflejan la elevada incertidumbre que se tiene sobre la evolución de la pandemia, las posibles medidas necesarias para enfrentarla y sus efectos sobre la actividad económica mundial y local.

De acuerdo con el mandato constitucional, el Banco de la República debe “velar por mantener el poder adquisitivo de la moneda, en coordinación con la política económica general”1. Para cumplir con este mandato, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República (JDBR) adoptó como estrategia un esquema flexible de inflación objetivo, en el cual las acciones de política monetaria (PM) buscan conducir la inflación a una meta puntual y alcanzar el nivel máximo sostenible del producto y del empleo. La flexibilidad del esquema le permite a la JDBR mantener un balance apropiado entre el logro de la meta de inflación y el propósito de suavizar las fluctuaciones del producto y el empleo alrededor de su senda sostenible. La JDBR estableció una meta de inflación del 3 %, planteada sobre la variación anual del índice de precios al consumidor (IPC). En el corto plazo la inflación puede ser afectada por factores que están fuera del control de la PM, como por ejemplo cambios en los precios de los alimentos debido a fenómenos climáticos. Para incorporar lo anterior, la JDBR anuncia, junto con la meta, un rango de ±1 punto porcentual (3 ±1 pp), el cual no es un objetivo de la PM, pero refleja el hecho de que la inflación puede fluctuar alrededor de la meta, sin pretender que sea siempre igual al 3 %. El principal instrumento que tiene la JDBR para el control de la inflación es la tasa de interés de política (tasa repo a un día o tasa de interés de referencia). Dado que las acciones de PM toman tiempo en tener un efecto completo sobre la economía y la inflación2, para fijar su valor la JDBR evalúa el pronóstico y las expectativas de la inflación frente a la meta, así como el estado actual y las perspectivas sobre la evolución de la economía.

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Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.