Summary The aim of this note is to describe the program endog (v.3.0). The program handles pedigree information to conduct several demographic and genetic analyses including: (a) the individual inbreeding and average relatedness coefficients; (b) effective population size; (c) parameters characterizing the concentration of both gene and individuals origin such as the effective number of founders and ancestors, the effective number of founder herds; (d) F statistics and paired genetic distances for each subpopulation under study; (e) descriptors of the genetic importance of the herds in a population and (f) generation intervals. The program will help breeders and researchers to monitor the changes in genetic variability and population structure with limited costs of preparing datasets. The program, user's guide and example file can be downloaded free of charge from the World Wide Web at http://www.ucm.es/info/prodanim/Endog30.zip.

Computation of inbreeding rate (DeltaF) must consider that inbreeding is delayed with one generation with respect to the idealized population when addressed using individual inbreeding coefficients. The expression relating inbreeding in generation t with inbreeding rate F(t) = 1 - (1-DeltaF)(t) should be more correctly written in real animal populations as F(t) = 1 - (1-DeltaF)(t-1), as changes in allele frequencies occur in the equivalent co-ancestries in the previous generation. This simple approach is tested on simulated and real pedigrees thus demonstrating that: (i) the adjusted individual increase in inbreeding becomes stable in populations under random mating while the unadjusted parameter does not; (ii) regression of the unadjusted parameter over generations in pedigrees under random mating is highly significant while after correction it is not significant; and (iii) the variance of the adjusted parameter is reduced with the generations.

The studbook of the Andalusian horse comprising a total of 75,389 individuals (6318 of them classified as Carthusians) was analysed in order to ascertain the genetic history of the breed and, specially, to evaluate its genetic variability and the influence of the Carthusian strain in the breed. Although there is no possible way to identify studs acting as Nucleus in the breed, there is a high concentration of genes and individuals' origin. The effective number of studs producing grandfathers was of 10.6. The equivalent number of founders was 1948.5 individuals (370.5 Carthusians). The effective number of founders was 39.6 and the effective number of ancestors 27. Only 6 ancestors were necessary to explain 50% of the genetic variability of the breed. The average values of inbreeding and average relatedness for the whole Andalusian horse population were, respectively, 8.48% and 12.25%. The same values for the Carthusian strain were higher (9.08% and 13.01%) even thought the generation interval for the strain was larger than that for the whole population (12.43 versus 10.11 years). In any case, inbreeding in Andalusian horse breed seems to have a remote origin and linked to the Carthusian individuals. The total contribution of the Carthusian founders to the populations accounted for up to 87.64% of the population. In turn the Carthusian ancestors explained 80.46% of the genetic variability of the breed. No differentiation was found between Carthusian and non-Carthusian reproductive individuals using genealogical F ST (0.000026). It can be concluded that the distinction between Carthusian and non-Carthusian individuals within the Andalusian horse breed does not have genetic support. The unbalanced use of the Carthusian individuals with lower average relatedness values for reproduction is proposed to preserve the genetic variability of the breed. D

Objetivo. Describir el diseño y cobertura de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012 (ENSANUT 2012). Material y métodos. Se presenta el diseño de la ENSANUT 2012, una encuesta poblacional probabilística con esquema de muestreo polietápico y estratificado, las capacidades inferenciales de la muestra, los aspectos logísticos de la misma y la cobertura alcanzada en campo. Resultados. La tasa de repuesta para hogar de la ENSANUT 2012 fue de 87%, con un total de 50 528 hogares con entrevista completa efectiva. En estos hogares, se obtuvieron un total de 96 031 entrevistas individuales completas, más 14 104 entrevistas completas de usuarios ambulatorios de los servicios de salud. Conclusión. El diseño probabilístico de la ENSANUT 2012 y la cobertura alcanzada permiten realizar inferencias sobre condiciones de salud y nutrición, cobertura de programas y acceso de la población a los servicios de salud. Al tratarse de un diseño complejo, es necesario que las estimaciones que se realicen a partir de la ENSANUT 2012 consideren el diseño muestral de la encuesta: factores de ponderación, unidades primarias de muestro y variables de estratificación.

SummaryThe aim of this work is to highlight the need of monitoring small populations to conserve their genetic variability by using a set of parameters to characterize both the structure of populations and management practices. As a representative example we analyse the pedigree information of the endangered Xalda sheep breed of Asturias. The herdbook of Xalda sheep included a total of 805 animals and 62 herds. The number of founders was 329. Nowadays, there are 562 live animals and 26 active herds. The breed is in risk of losing genetic diversity because of the abusive use of certain individuals as parents. The effective number of founder animals is 81.1. The effective number of founder herds is 9.9. The average value of inbreeding in the whole Xalda population was 1.5%. The average relatedness (AR) coefficient reached 1.8% in the whole pedigree. The genetic representation of the lines of founders is unbalanced. Inbreeding trends and effective size do not provide realistic information concerning the risk of loss of diversity as a result of the shallowness of the genealogical information. We suggest the monitoring of the breed using AR to unbalance the genetic contributions of specific individuals, equalizing the genetic representation of the founders and lines in the population. In addition, AR can suggest the introduction of new, under-represented animals in herds showing high average AR values relative to the population. Our results can be useful to improve the development of conservation initiatives involving open herdbooks to avoid the risk of loss of genetic diversity caused by incorrect management practices. Zusammenfassung