This article makes a contribution to the study of family groups in developing economies by analysing the case of the Cousiño-Goyenechea business, one of the most important business groups in nineteenth-century Chile. We provide new evidence of how the Cousiño's original fortune was built, and how after being highly concentrated in copper and silver mining, the family business successfully diversified and integrated vertically through two generations, thus becoming the second most important economic group in the country by the end of the 19 th century. This was the result of risky business decisions, particularly after deciding to enter coal mining under much uncertainty, modernising this industry, as well as expanding into copper refining, brick and glass manufacturing, hydroelectric power plants, and wine production. However, their success was also due to a clever strategy of capital increase by creating corporations linked to the group. RESUMENEste artículo hace una contribución al estudio de empresas familiares en economías en desarrollo analizando el caso de la empresa familiar Cousiño-Goyenechea, uno de los grupos económicos más importantes de Chile en el siglo XIX. Presentamos nueva evidencia sobre cómo se construyó la fortuna inicial de los Cousiño, y de cómo, después de haber estado altamente concentrada en cobre y plata, el negocio familiar se diversificó de manera exitosa, además de integrarse verticalmente a través de dos generaciones, deviniendo así en el segundo grupo económico más importante del país a fines del siglo XIX. Esto fue resultado de decisiones de negocio arriesgadas, sobre todo el decidir ingresar a la minería del carbón bajo gran incertidumbre, modernizando la industria, expandiéndose a otras actividades como refinado de cobre, producción de ladrillos y vidrios, plantas hidroeléctricas, producción de vinos, etc. Pero el éxito del grupo también se debió a una inteligente estrategia de incrementos de capital al crear sociedades anónimas vinculadas al grupo.
We provide the first estimates of gender income and land inequality in Chile during the first decades after independence, when Chile was a predominantly agrarian society. We have used a new source: the records of the first agricultural censuses ever made for any Latin American republic. We found that there were over six times more male landowners than women, and that male owners gathered up to 87% of total agricultural income (of those paying the catastro). On the positive side, we found that female landownership was more widespread than has previously been assumed by Chilean historians, although it was declining in relative terms. We have also identified the main elite women agrarian entrepreneurs, finding that one of the biggest landowners of this period was a woman, who has been ignored in the historiography. We have documented her economic activities, as well as those of many other prominent women agricultural entrepreneurs, thus showing that women's involvement in crucial entrepreneurship activities started earlier than previously been acknowledged, from colonial times.
Este artículo proporciona un detallado análisis del proceso de electrificación de una economía atrasada. El caso analizado es Chile como evolucionó desde menos de 130kWh per habitante, con una base eléctrica dominada por centrales térmicas y un reducido desarrollo del sector público, a consumir por encima de 800 kWh, principalmente por centrales hidroeléctricas, que contribuyeron decisivamente los niveles de vida de la población. Este cambio fue principalmente atribuible al diseño e implementación de un ambicioso plan de electrificación, implementado por el estado entre los 1940 y los 1970, el cual dependía de forma importante de inversiones de capital. Este éxito no es atribuible a la empresa privada; fue directamente orquestado y ejecutado por una empresa del sector público, ENDESA, aunque dependiendo en gran medida de préstamos extranjeros. El artículo analiza qué hizo posible este éxito; trabajadores cualificados, generosa financiación por instituciones por instituciones externas, la disponibilidad de agua y la ausencia de preocupaciones medioambientales.
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