Purpose As a new communication paradigm, social networking sites (SNS) have boosted information diffusion and viral marketing. Prior researchers have identified various factors affecting information dissemination on SNS. However, they often focus on limited factors and there is a lack of an integrated theoretical framework that explains aspects of relevant factors. Besides, the research on the impacts of relationships on individual retweeting behavior is still controversial. The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework to systematically investigate the determinants of individual dissemination behavior on SNS based on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). Moreover, the authors also examine the relative importance of those relevant factors. Design/methodology/approach The authors randomly selected 1,250 members of Twitter and crawled posts published by each member since he/she created the Twitter account using Twitter API. The authors processed the data to create panel data and tested hypotheses with the panel logit model. Findings Factors both on the central route and on the peripheral route of ELM have positive impacts on individual dissemination behavior. Among them, information receiver-related factor and relationships-related factors are the most influential. Contrastingly, source-related factors are the least influential. Furthermore, the authors find that social tie strength mediates almost 50 percent of the effect of value homophily on individual dissemination behavior. Originality/value The authors are the first to directly apply ELM to examine individual dissemination behavior on SNS. By integrating factors into the two information processing routes, They incorporate relevant factors into the model and systematically analyze their impacts on individual retweeting behavior on SNS. The research offers at least one explanation for the contradictory findings about the effect of homophily on individual sharing behavior in previous research. The authors propose new variables that gauge topical relevance and interpersonal value homophily on SNS.

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the effect of antibacterial stewardship and evaluate the trends and correlation of antibacterial resistance and usage from 2009 to 2013 in a tertiary-care teaching hospital in northwest China. Antibacterial usage was expressed as defined daily doses per 100 patients per day (DDDs/100 PDs). Hospital-wide population-level data and time series analysis were used to evaluate the trends and determine associations between antibacterial exposure and acquisition of resistance. Yearly consumption of overall antibacterials significantly decreased from 66.54 to 28.08 DDDs/100 PDs (β = -10.504, p < 0.01). The resistant rates of the five most frequently isolated species (including Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) significantly decreased or remained stable, and none of them showed a statistically significant upward trend. The medical quality indicators got better or remained stable. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models demonstrated that the monthly resistance rate of P. aeruginosa to imipenem was strongly correlated with antipseudomonal carbapenems usage (β = 34.94, p < 0.001), as did the correlation of P. aeruginosa to meropenem with antipseudomonal third-generation cephalosporins usage (β = 32.76, p < 0.01) and K. pneumoniae to amikacin with aminoglycosides usage (β = 22.01, p < 0.001). The decreased antibacterial use paralleled the improved bacterial resistance without deteriorating medical quality indicators during antimicrobial stewardship. It also suggests that optimum antibiotic use is necessary to alleviate the threat posed by resistant microorganisms at the hospital level.

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The dissociation constants (pK a ) of daidzein and genistein were determined at 298.2 K by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy method. The pK a1 and pK a2 values of daidzein are 7.51 ± 0.07 and 9.47 ± 0.14 and ones of genistein are 7.25 ± 0.84 and 9.53 ± 0.15, respectively. The solubilities of daidzein and genistein in water, methanol, ethyl ethanoate, propanone, trichloromethane, and hexane have been measured using UV spectrophotometric method from (288.2 to 328.2) K at atmospheric pressure. The solubilities of daidzein and genistein in all solvents increase with an increase in temperature. The solubility of daidzein in the six solvents was in the order propanone > methanol > ethyl ethanoate > hexane > trichloromethane > water, whereas the solubility order of genistein was propanone > ethyl ethanoate > methanol > hexane > trichloromethane > water. In comparing the solubility of genistein with that of daidzein, the 5-hydroxyl group of genistein causes a significantly higher solubility in methanol and ethyl ethanoate, a little higher solubility in trichloromethane (exception 328.2 K), an approximately equivalent solubility in water, and a slightly lower solubility in propanone. The measured solubility data were correlated with a modified Apelblat equation, λh model, and ideal model. From solubility of daidzein and genistein in these six solvents, the dissolution enthalpy, entropy, and change of the free Gibbs energy were evaluated using the van't Hoff equation.