Many oculoplastic surgeons experience discomfort due to operating, and an alarming minority have stopped operating due to pain or neck injury. Participants identified loupe and headlamp use as a special concern.

Considerable evidence suggests that untreated childhood trauma is a contributing factor to delinquency and juvenile justice system involvement. This paper describes a promising new intervention for at-risk youth and juvenile offenders with traumatic histories grounded in a model commonly referred to as the three principles. This intervention attempts to draw out the inner mental health and resilience in trauma exposed young offenders and provide them with a new perspective on their past traumas that can prevent them from infecting the present. First, the origin, nature, and logic of the three principles are described. Next, the three principles intervention is described and compared to cognitive and other trauma interventions. Then, several guideposts followed by effective three principles practitioners are described. Finally, empirical evidence is presented in support of the efficacy of this intervention with at-risk youth, juvenile offenders and adults with traumatic histories.

No abstract

An emerging "health" paradigm, Mind-Consciousness-Thought (MCT), proposes that three universal Principles, Mind (life energy), Consciousness (the capacity to be aware of thinking as "reality"), and Thought (the ability to create thinking continually), explain how psychological experience is created from the inside-out, not created from the outside-in by events and circumstances. It proposes that life comes through us, not at us. It proposes that insight into the existence and operation of those principles reconnects people to their innate mental well-being, an always accessible source of balance, wisdom, and creativity (i.e., resiliency). It proposes that accessing mental well-being is incompatible with chronic stress, and that, once people realize the Principles that explain how the mind works, hope, optimism and resiliency incrementally increase in the face of changing life circumstances. An on-line MCT educational module was created for freshman Nursing students, with pre-and post-tests to measure changes in their levels of stress and well-being. Pre-and post-tests were administered simultaneously to a control group without exposure to the module. MCT learning depends on reflection and insight. It was anticipated that the selfcontained "course within a course" would be sufficiently distinctive that students would appreciate and adapt to that learning style. In fact, although 70% of the 150 students who were assigned the module took the pre-and post-tests, there were fewer than four visits to 24 of the 48 content windows of the module and an average time spent of 47 seconds on all windows that were visited. Detailed tracking data show few, brief student visits to the critical parts of the learning module, with most visits, and the longest visits, to opening pages and the pre-post-questionnaires. This research produced no measurable results. This is interpreted as being due to lack of meaningful participation in the intervention. It supports the assumption that MCT entails intuitive learning, ideally presented independent of traditional on-line courses that are set up for rote learning. MCT should be evaluated as a unique offering, which students enter with the understanding that the learning experience will be reflective and insight-based. Future research should focus on distinctive on-line presentations of MCT that invite intuitive learning. v And I lovingly thank my grandson, Anthony, who kept me laughing as he cheered me on. For example, as I sat one day at the computer puzzling over data, he tiptoed into the room and said, "Excuse me, Grammy, I have a question that's really bothering me. Will I still have to be in school when I'm as old as you?"

The authors are encouraged that the field of psychiatry is moving towards including euthymia and its components (e.g., well-being, flourishing and resilience) as well as dysfunction (i.e., psychopathology and its symptoms) in its assessment and treatment. We are concerned, however, that to guide its pursuit of euthymia, psychiatry appears to be adopting the same 'outside-in' paradigm as positive psychology; that the positive must be 'put into' people via assisting them to adopt new positive beliefs and persistently practice psychotherapeutic techniques. We fear that if psychiatry continues to view the positive through this 'outside-in' lens, its pursuit of euthymia will bear small fruit. In this editorial, we posit that mental health and psychopathology can be viewed from the same basis because both are created in the same way; from the 'inside-out' via people's use of three psycho-spiritual Principles-Universal Mind, Consciousness and Thought. We posit that people can use these Principles in a way that either creates distressing symptoms or releases innate euthymia. We further posit that via awareness and sufficient insight-based understanding of how these Principles manifest within everyone, psychiatry can achieve a deeper understanding of the source of all psychological experience that will facilitate its pursuit of euthymia.