objective. To assess the impact of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for rapid pathogen identification directly from early-positive blood cultures coupled with an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) in two community hospitals. Process measures and outcomes prior and after implementation of MALDI-TOF/ASP were evaluated.design. Multicenter retrospective study.setting. Two community hospitals in a system setting, Houston Methodist (HM) Sugar Land Hospital (235 beds) or HM Willowbrook Hospital (241 beds).patients. Patients ≥18 years of age with culture-proven Gram-negative bacteremia.intervention. Blood cultures from both hospitals were sent to and processed at our central microbiology laboratory. Clinical pharmacists at respective hospitals were notified of pathogen ID and susceptibility results.results. We evaluated 572 patients for possible inclusion. After pre-defined exclusion criteria, 151 patients were included in the pre-intervention group and 242 were included in the intervention group. After MALDI-TOF/ASP implementation, the mean identification time after culture positivity was significantly reduced from 32 hours (±16 hours) to 6.5 hours (±5.4 hours) (P < .001); mean time to susceptibility results was significantly reduced from 48 (±22) hours to 23 (±14) hours (P < .001); and time to therapy adjustment was significantly reduced from 75 (±59) hours to 30 (±30) hours (P < .001). Mean hospital costs per patient were $3,411 less in the intervention group compared with the pre-intervention group ($18,645 vs $15,234; P = .04).conclusion. This study is the first to analyze the impact of MALDI-TOF coupled with an ASP in a community hospital setting. Time to results significantly differed with the use of MALDI-TOF, and time to appropriate therapy was significantly improved with the addition of ASP.

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We developed a predictive index for 30-day risk of healthcare-associated CDI using readily available and clinically useful variables. This simple predictive risk index may be used to improve clinical decision making and resource allocation for CDI stewardship initiatives, and guide research design.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a neurological disease caused by the human polyoma virus JC virus and can present in patients with known immunodeficiencies. However, when associated with idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia, management of patients can be quite challenging as these are two rare diseases with limited effective treatment options. In conjunction with the case report of a patient diagnosed with both conditions presented within this issue, a discussion of available treatment strategies is detailed.

Due to the increasing number of articles published each year, it is difficult to maintain a current knowledge of significant publications in the field of ID pharmacotherapy. This review of key publications in 2010 may be helpful to the nonspecialist clinician by lessening this burden.