Literature on natural risks typically examines either biophysical process characteristics or human pre‐ or post‐disaster activities. This paper takes a somewhat different track; first, it argues that also natural disasters are socially constructed and, therefore, second, it resets the framework in which disaster management has to be placed. While most researchers usually focus on risk assessment it is suggested that the concept of vulnerability can provide a vehicle to explore a contextual approach to the reduction of losses due to natural hazards. In a brief overview the conceptualization of vulnerability is presented. Since precise measurement of uncertainties and exact prediction of damages is hardly feasible, a conceptual approach in vulnerability assessment is proposed. Qualities that determine potential damage are identified and characteristics described. It is suggested that, even without assessing risk exactly, vulnerability reduction decreases damages and losses.
Per DESCRIPTORES:Regeneración / Emergencia / Reducción del riesgo / Cambio climático / Ciudad umbral / Hermenéutica urbana / Ruinas. KEY WORDS:Urban regeneration / Emergency / Risk limitation / Climatic change / Threshold city / Urban Hermenutics / Ruins. PAROLE CHIAVE:Rigenerazione / Emergenza / Riduzione del rischio / Cambiamento climático / Città di soglia / Ermeneutica urbana / Rovine. RESUMEN:La ciudad, lugar predilecto de la vida humana, está caracterizada en su misma esencia por limites intrínsecos, que establecen el riesgo de sucumbir frente a un desastre. Mientras que en las ultimas décadas se ha conseguido mucho por disminuir las muertes causadas por este, el numero de los desastres ha aumentado, y la capacidad de las ciudades de reaccionar después de un impacto es aún limitada. El principal límite en el desarrollo de herramientas urbanísticas en esta dirección es la ausencia de un razonamiento general, categórico, que conecte los diferentes desastres y sus repercusiones urbanas de manera unitaria, un enfoque del desastre como «hecho urbano». Las ciencias del desastre saben muy bien que todos ellos tienen características comunes que permiten clasificarlos como tal, así como estudiarlos y enfrentarlos como objetos de una categoría unitaria; sin embargo esta conciencia está aún poco interiorizada por las doctrinas que se ocupan de planificación y administración. Según la definición internacionalmente aceptada de desastre, éste se reconoce por la presencia de tres aspectos: un grande e inmediato aumento de la mortalidad; la necesidad de una intervención externa de apoyo; la ruptura total de la continuidad ordinaria de la vida de una comunidad.El objetivo de este volumen es sostener un empuje reflexivo que suponga una mayor especialización de las ciencias urbanísticas en relación al afrontamiento del desastre, sobre todo respecto a la regeneración de una ciudad que haya podido sufrir uno, independientemente del tipo de desastre que sea. A fin de construir una categoría de pensamiento y acción idónea para esta tarea, este volumen está dedicado a sugerir la introducción del concepto ciudad umbral para cada ciudad golpeada por un desastre, y que debido a ello se encuentre en la condición de no poder continuar su recorrido histórico desarrollado hasta entonces, viéndose en la obligación de plantear y planear de nuevo su propia evolución de manera compleja e integrada. El hecho urbano que iremos describiendo es reconocible sobre todo por la presencia de tres tipos de ruinas: materiales, relacionales e institucionales. Las ruinas materiales, fácilmente reconocibles, son la prueba visible del paso del desastre. Las ruinas relacionales, que pueden obtenerse a través de un análisis de las comunicaciones oficiales, de las agendas y de las biografías personales, de las entrevistas y de la observación de la población, resultan la imagen de la situación desde la que planificación ha de partir. Informan sobre las tensiones y las oportunidades, y describen tabúes y límites fundamentales para entender el carácter, o los c...
Disaster risk reduction policy and practice require knowledge for informed decision making and coordinated action. Although the knowledge production and implementation processes are critical for disaster risk reduction, these issues are seldom systematically addressed in-depth in disaster studies and policy programs. While efforts and improvements have been made with regard to data and information, only limited resources are committed to improving knowledge management structures and integrating knowledge systems at different spatial levels. The recently adopted Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 addresses knowledge-related issues and provides the opportunity to highlight the critical role of knowledge in disaster risk reduction. This article presents insights into potential conceptualizations of knowledge that would advance disaster research and policy. We use cases from France to illustrate challenges of and pathways to disaster risk reduction. We suggest to further strengthen efforts that improve our understanding of the connections between disaster risk, knowledge, and learning. A better integration of multiple scales, different societal actors, various knowledge sources, and diverse disciplines into disaster risk research will increase its relevance for decision-makers in policy and practice. Well-targeted incentives and political backing will improve the coherence, coordination, and sharing of knowledge among various actors and arenas.
In disaster science, policy and practice, the transition of resilience from a descriptive concept to a normative agenda provides challenges and opportunities. This paper argues that both are needed to increase resilience. We briefly outline the concept and several recent international resilience-building efforts to elucidate critical questions and less-discussed issues. We highlight the need to move resilience thinking forward by emphasizing structural social-political processes, acknowledging and acting on differences between ecosystems and societies, and looking beyond the quantitative streamlining of resilience into one index. Instead of imposing a technical-reductionist framework, we suggest a starting basis of integrating different knowledge types and experiences to generate scientifically reliable, context-appropriate and socially robust resilience-building activities.
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