We investigated the effects of salinity on fertilization and early development in a population of Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, that migrate from oceanic waters into the San Francisco Bay estuary to spawn. The salinity range for fertilization fell between 8 and 28 ppt, with an optimal range of about 12 to 24 ppt. In comparison, the range for a population of C. harengus membras (Airisto Sound, Finland) that reside year-round in the Baltic Sea was 4 to 24 ppt. Roles for both Na+ and K+ were indicated in C. pallasi fertilization since increasing Na+ in the presence of 10 mM K+ (concentration of seawater) mimicked the effects of increased overall salinity, whereas reduced effects were obtained if [K+] was held at 5 mM (that of half-strength seawater). The initiation of C. pallasi sperm motility by components of the egg chorion, a prerequisite for fertilization, was inhibited at both elevated (28 and 32 ppt) and reduced (4 and 8 ppt) salinities. Embryonic development through larval hatching in C. pallasi exhibited a salinity tolerance similar to that of fertilization; optimum development was obtained at salinities between 8 and 24 ppt. A comparison of developmental progression in 3.5, 14, and 28 ppt seawater revealed that salinity effects became evident during the post-gastrulation stages of development and that progression to hatching was delayed in both the lower and higher salinities for those embryos that completed development.

It is widely known that governance is central to the successful implementation of sustainable development policies and measures. Yet, there is a paucity of research which explore the links between governance and sustainability. This paper attempts to address this research need by providing an analysis of the role of governance in enabling e and to some extent e fostering a transition towards sustainable societies. A set of indicators for assessing the capacity for and willingness and commitment to transition to a more sustainable society is presented, enabling identification of direction of change. This paper presents the results of a study, in the context of which sustainability governance has been comparatively investigated in a sample of European countries with, by methodological purpose, very different economic, environmental, political and social conditions (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland). Lessons learnt and examples of good practice e which may be replicable elsewhere-are outlined. For instance, it is discussed that limited knowledge about sustainable development amongst municipal development planners and decision-makers, deficiencies in policy integration, intersectoral cooperation, municipality and stakeholder cooperation and urban management practices are major reasons for weak governance practices in sustainable development. Furthermore, some recommendations on the role of sustainability governance are made, so as to allow the integration of the principles of governance into sustainability practice and hence provide a more general basis upon which a transition towards sustainable societies may become a reality in different types of European countries and societies. The scientific value of this paper lies in identifying opportunities for integrating principles of governance into sustainability practice, as well as outlining the basis for sustainability transitions, providing a general picture of required policy measures. The paper offers a unique comparative analysis of sustainability governance in the Baltic Sea countries, outlining some of the challenges in sustainability governance in the Baltic Sea region. .

The environmental factors affecting the deposition and mortality of the eggs of the springspawning Baltic herring were studied in the inner Archipelago Sea of south-western Finland. On four spawning grounds, 27 study squares (area 1 m') were surveyed by divers. In each square, one quantitative egg sample was taken and the following data were recorded: depth, temperature, bottom quality of the square and under the eggs, egg substrate, cover (%) of plants and/or the bivalve Myrilus edulis, and the heterogeneity of theenvironment, expressed as the total number of all bottom materials, plants and Mytilus found in the square.Eggs were found in the depth zone of I 4 m. Their density ranged from 6OOO to 2.3 millions of eggs per square metre. Egg number had a significant negative correlation with both depth ( r = -0.545, P

M. 1997. Spawning bed selection by the Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) in the Archipelago of SW Finland. -ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 917-923.The spawning bed characteristics of the Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras L.) were investigated during the spawning season in the Airisto Inlet (Northern Baltic Sea) in SW Finland. Within the area, 46 transects were investigated by scuba diver; 37 transects were randomly selected and 9 were known to be spawning beds. Data on the substratum and vegetation were analysed by principal component analysis and discriminant analysis which revealed 10 parameters describing the spawning beds. Two groups were identified; the first contained most of the known spawning beds as well as those resembling them in many parameter values. These beds were situated near the deepest part of the area and contained broad and rich vegetation zones growing on hard bottoms. Herring eggs were not found on all of these beds, but analysis showed they were all potentially suitable for spawning. The other group consisted of sites with bottoms covered by soft sediments, even near the shore line, with the vegetation zone becoming narrower and poorer in plant species. Only two spawning beds were found in this group.1997 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

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