Moderate or severe depressive mood or antidepressant medication use may cause erectile dysfunction and erectile dysfunction independently may cause or exacerbate depressive mood.

The electronic nose is capable of rapidly and noninvasively discriminating prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia using urine headspace in patients undergoing surgery.

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We estimated the incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in a population-based sample during 5-y follow-up and determined how the rate was affected by sociodemographic and life-style factors. The target population comprised all men aged 50, 60 or 70 y residing in the city of Tampere or 11 surrounding municipalities in Finland at the start of follow-up. A questionnaire was mailed to 3143 men in 1994 and to 2864 in 1999. The follow-up sample consisted of 1442 men who responded to both baseline and follow-up questionnaires. We estimated the effect of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors on the incidence of ED among the 1130 men free of ED at baseline. We found no differences in the incidence of ED by the level of education, marital status, urban/rural place of residence, amount of alcohol and coffee consumption. Obesity (rate ratio (RR) ¼ 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-2.5) and current smoking (RR ¼ 1.5, 95% CI: 0.9-2.2) increased the incidence of ED. Current smokers free of comorbidity were also at higher risk of ED (RR ¼ 1.3, 95% CI: 0.8-2.1), but no effect was observed among past smokers. Our results indicate that sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, except age and obesity, have little influence on ED. IntroductionErectile dysfunction (ED) is a common public health problem affecting millions of men worldwide. 1There are substantial gaps in our knowledge of the occurrence and etiology of ED.2-3 The use of tobacco and consumption of alcohol are major public health problems worldwide, and the available evidence on the role of smoking 2-7 and alcohol consumption [4][5][8][9][10][11][12] on erectile function is controversial. Few population-based follow-up studies have been published on the effect of smoking and alcohol consumption on erectile function. The association between these factors and ED has been assessed mainly in prevalence studies, which have serious limitations for etiological purposes. Only one population-based follow-up study has evaluated the role of alcohol intake on erectile function and failed to show an effect of alcohol consumption on ED. 4 Only two longitudinal studies have evaluated the effect of smoking on erectile function. One showed clearly negative result 3 and the other a negative overall result, but doubling of risk in a subgroup of men free of vascular disease at baseline. 4 We estimated the effect of sociodemographic and life-style factors on the incidence of ED in a population-based sample of the 1130 men who were free of ED at baseline and followed up for a period of 5 y. Materials and methodsDetails of the Tampere Aging Male Urological Study population have been previously described elsewhere. [13][14][15] In this population-based follow-up study, the target population comprised all 3152 men born in 1924, 1934 or 1944 residing in Tampere or 11 surrounding municipalities in 1994, identified from the National Population Register. Information was collected by means of a mailed self-administered questionnaire comprising items on sociodemographic status, life-style factors,...

Our findings show a unidirectional effect of depressive symptoms on the incidence of moderate or severe nocturia. Untreated depressive symptoms may cause nocturia.